（一）Communication Principles

How you see yourself can make a great difference in how you communicate. "Every individual exists in a continually changing world of experience of which he (or she) is the center." Many communication scholars and social scientists believe that people are products of how others treat them and of the messages others send them. But every day we experience the centrality of our selves in communication. A student, for instance, may describe a conflict with a teacher as unfair treatment: "I know my teacher doesn't like the fact that I don't agree with his opinions, and that's why he gave me such a poor grade in that class." The teacher might say the opposite. Each person may believe that he is correct and that the other person's view is wrong.

The concept of self originates in communication. Through verbal and nonverbal symbols, a child learns to accept roles in response to the expectations of others. You establish self-image, the sort of person you believe you are, by how others think of you. Positive, negative, and neutral messages that you receive from others all play a role in determining who you are. Communication itself is probably best understood as a dialogue process. Our understanding of communication comes from our interactions with other people. In a more obvious way, communication involves others in the sense that a competent communicator considers what the other person needs and expects when selecting messages to share. So, the communication begins with the self, as defined largely by others, and involves others, as defined largely by the self.

Communication occurs almost every minute of your life. If you are not communicating with yourself (thinking, planning, reacting to the world around you), you are observing others and drawing inferences from their behaviour. Even if the other person did not intend a message for you, you gather observations and draw specific conclusions. A person yawns and you believe that person is bored with your message. A second person looks away from you and you conclude that person is not listening to you. A third person smiles (perhaps because of a memory of a joke he heard recently) and you believe that he is attracted to you. We are continually picking up meanings from others' behaviors and we are constantly providing behaviors that have communicative value for them.

More often than not, you may have hurt someone accidentally and you may have tried to explain that you did not mean that. You may have told the other person that you were sorry for your statement. You may have made a joke out of your rude statement. Nonetheless, your comment remains both in the mind of the other person and in your own mind. You cannot go back in time and erase your messages to others. When you tried to re-create the atmosphere, the conversation, and the setting, nothing seemed right. Your second experience with a similar setting and person made far different results. Anyway, communication cannot be reversed (倒退), nor can it be repeated.

1. Paragraph 1________.

2. Paragraph 2________.

3. Paragraph 3________.

4. Paragraph 4________.

* * *

A. Centralism

B. Communication involves both self and others

C. You can't repeat one conversation

D. Your view of yourself decides your way of communication

E. How to apologize to others

F. Communication occurs everywhere

* * *

5. Many social scientists believe that________.

6. It is probable that communication is understood as________.

7. If a person looks away from you, you might think that________.

8. If you have hurt someone by accident, you can't________.

* * *

A. the interaction between people

B. people are easily influenced by others' opinions

C. establishment of the self-image

D. he or she hasn't paid any attention to your words

E. apologize to them

F. reverse your conversation with them

* * *

［答案解析］

1．D。［解析］第一段主题句为第一句：How you see yourself can make a great difference in how you communicate. 句子意为：一个人如何看待自己会影响他与别人交流的方式。选项D是对该句意思的同义改写，故D为正确答案。

2．B。［解析］第二段主题句是最后一句：So, the communication begins with the self, as defined largely by others, and involves others, as defined largely by the self. 句子意为：故交流开始时会在很大程度上受到他人对自己看法的影响，进而自己对他人的看法也会在一定程度上影响彼此间的交流。由此可推断该段说明了交流是双方的，即交流中，双方是互相影响的。选项B与其意思一致。

3．F。［解析］第三段主题句为第一句：Communication occurs almost every minute of your life. 句子意为：交流几乎发生在我们生命的每时每刻。也就是说，交流是随时随地会发生的。选项F与其意思一致，故F为正确答案。

4．C。［解析］第四段主题句是最后一句：Anyway, communication cannot be reversed (倒退), nor can it be repeated. 句子意为：无论如何，人们之间的交流过程是不可能重新来过的。即任何人都不可能使时间倒流，使交流重新发生。选项C与其表达一致，故C为正确答案。

5．B。［解析］根据题干线索词social scientists将原文定位至第一段第三句：Many communication scholars and social scientists believe that people are products of how others treat them and of the messages others send them. 该句说明人们很容易受他人对自己看法的影响，与选项B表达一致，故B为正确答案。

6．A。［解析］根据“题目顺序与段落顺序基本保持一致”的出题规律，可将原文定位至第二段，浏览该段后进而定位至该段第五句：Communication itself is probably best understood as a dialogue process. 选项A是对该句的同义复现，故A为正确答案。

7．D。［解析］根据题干线索词a person looks away from you可将原文定位至第三段第五句：A second person looks away from you and you conclude that person is not listening to you. 句中that person is not listening to you与D选项he or she hasn't paid any attention to your words意思一致，故D为正确答案。

8．F。［解析］根据题干线索词hurt someone by accident，定位原文至最后一段，这里accidentally意思同by accident。继续阅读会发现在该段第五句中提到：You cannot go back in time and erase your messages to others. 意思是你不能使时间倒流，收回你所说过的话。即你不能使彼此间的交流重新进行，选项F与其意思一致，故F为正确答案。