No.1 盎格鲁-撒克逊人
No.1 Anglo-Saxon
The History of English in Ten Minutes.
Chapter 1. Anglo-Saxon or whatever happen to the Jutes.
十分钟了解英语历史。第一章，盎格鲁撒克逊人或发生在朱特人的任何事。
The English language begins with the phrase ‘Up Yours Caesar!’ as the Romans
leave Britain and a lot of Germanic tribes start flooding in, tribes such as the Angles
and the Saxons – who together gave us the term Anglo-Saxon, and the Jutes –
who didn’t.
英语以这句话开头，去你的凯撒!当罗马人离开英国，大量日耳曼部落开始涌入。例如盎格鲁和撒克逊人。他们留下这个盎格鲁撒克逊人的叫法。以及没留下痕迹的朱特人。
The Romans left some very straight roads behind, but not much of their Latin
language. The Anglo-Saxon vocab was much more useful as it was mainly words for
simple everyday things like ‘house’, ‘woman’, ‘loaf’ and ‘werewolf’.
罗马人留下了一些笔直的道路，但是关于拉丁语的不多。盎格鲁撒克逊的语汇更有帮助因为他们都是关于简单的日常用语，像房子，女人，面包，狼人。
Four of our days of the week - Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday were
named in honour of Anglo-Saxon gods, but they didn’t bother with Saturday, Sunday
and Monday as they had all gone off for a long weekend.
我们一周的四天，周二，周三，周四和周五提名为祭拜盎格鲁撒克逊的上帝的日子。但是周六，周日和周一并不打扰人们的正常生活，因为人们都出去度假了。
While they were away, Christian missionaries stole in bringing with them leaflets
about jumble sales and more Latin. Christianity was a hit with the locals and made
them much happier to take on funky new words like ‘martyr’, ‘bishop’ and ‘font’.
当他们离开的时候，基督教传教士潜进了，带着传单小册子。为了慈善汇款和更多的拉丁语。基督教给当地人带来震动，让他们乐于接受极具表现力的新词，比如殉道者，主教，洗礼盆。
Along came the Vikings, with their action-man words like ‘drag’, ‘ransack’,
‘thrust’ and ‘die’, and a love of pickled herring. They may have raped and pillaged but
there were also into ‘give’ and ‘take’ – two of around 2000 words that they gave
English, as well as the phrase ‘watch out for that man with the enormous axe.’
同时到来的还有北欧海盗说着的话，比如拖，彻底搜索，刺，死亡，喜欢腌制鲱鱼。他们可能强JIAN或抢劫，但是也会喜欢给予和索取。这是他们带来的2000个词汇中的两个，还有句话，他们挥舞着巨大的斧头说，小心一点!
No.2 诺曼人入侵
No.2 The Norman Conquest
The History of English in Ten Minutes. Chapter Two, The Norman Conquest or
Excuse My English.
十分钟了解英语历史。第二章，诺曼人入侵或原谅我的英语
1066. True to his name, William the Conqueror invades England, bringing new
concepts from across the channel, like the French language, the Doomsday Book and
the duty-free Galois's multipack. French was ‘de rigueur’ for all official business, with
words like ‘judge’, ‘jury’, ‘evidence’ and ‘justice’ coming in and giving John
Grisham's career a kick-start. Latin was still used ‘ad nauseam’ in church, but the
common man spoke English, able to communicate only by speaking more slowly and
loudly until the others understood him. Words like ‘cow’, ‘sheep’ and ‘swine’ come
from the English-speaking farmers. While the ‘a la carte’ versions ‘beef’, ‘mutton’
and ‘pork’ come from the French-speaking toffs, beginning a long-running trend of
restaurants having completely indecipherable menus.
1066年，名副其实的征服者William入侵英国，从海峡对岸带来了新的概念，诸如法语，末日裁判书， 伽罗瓦万用箱。法语是官方商用语言，带来外来词例如法官，陪审团，证据和正义，使得约翰-格里姆森的事业起飞。拉丁语依然令人生厌的应用于各个教堂。普通人讲英语，只能通过放慢语速和提高音量来让人听懂。有些词如公牛，羊和猪，源自说英语的农民。而菜单上的版本牛肉，羊肉和猪肉则源自说法语的有钱阶层，餐馆制定让人读不懂的菜单的风气源远流长，就是从那时候开始的。
All in all, the English absorbed about 10,000 new words from the Normans,
though they still couldn't grasp the rules of cheek kissing. The ‘bon-ami’ all ended
when the English nation took their new warlike lingo of ‘armies’, ‘navies’ and
‘soldiers’ and began the Hundred Years' War against France. It actually lasted 116
years but by that point, no one could count any higher in French and English took
over as the language of power.
总的来说，英语从诺曼人那里吸收了差不多10,000个词汇，但依然无法描述自己的君主。这种亲切彻底结束于英国运用新的军事行话，如军队，海军，士兵。英法之间的百年战争开始了。其实进行了116年。但早已无人能计算出到底是英语还是法语是最有力的语言。
No.3 莎士比亚
No.3 Shakespeare
The history of English in ten minutes. Chapter three, Shakespeare, or a plaque on
both his houses.
十分钟内了解英国历史。第三章，莎士比亚，或两个家的纪念匾。
As the dictionary tells us about 2,000 new words and phrases were invented by
William Shakespeare.
就如字典告诉我们的，大约2000个新单词和短语是莎士比亚造出的。
He gave us handy words like eyeball, puppydog and anchovy and more
show-offy words like dauntless, besmirch and lacklustre. He came up with the word
alligator soon after he ran out of the things to rhyme with crocodile. And the nation of
tea drinkers finally took into their hearts when he invented the hob-nob.
他留给我们灵巧的词语，如eyeball, puppydog和anchovy，以及很多更炫的词如dauntless, besmirch 和 lacklustre。他造出了这个词，短吻鳄，不久他就才思用尽想不出跟鳄鱼押韵的词。一个全国和茶的民族最终特别喜欢他，当他创造出“对酌”这个词。
Shakespeare knew the power of catchphrases as well as biscuits. Without him,
we would never eat our flesh and blood out of house and home. We would have to say
good riddance to the green-eyed monster and breaking the ice would be as dead as a
doornail.
莎士比亚知道引人注目的话语和饼干一样有吸引力，没有他我们从不会吃肉
喝血，不会倾家荡产，我们不得不说可喜的摆脱了绿眼怪，打破僵局将会是一命
呜呼。
If you tried to get your money's worth, you'd be given short shrift and anyone
who laid it on with a trowel could be hoised with his own petard. Of course it's
possible other people used these words first. But the dictionary writers like looking
them up in Shakespeare because there was more cross dressing and people poking
each other's eyes out.
如果你想要使物有所值，你会被忽视。任何想要用铲子挖地的人会是作茧自缚。当然有可能其他人首先用了这些词，但是字典编纂者喜欢在莎士比亚书里查找，因为这里有更多奇装异服的人，人们彼此伤害。
Shakespeare's poetry showed the world that English was a rich vibrant language
with limitless expressive and emotional power and he still had time to open all those
tea rooms in Stratford.
莎士比亚展示了一个世界，英语在这里丰富多彩，极具特色和表现力，情感不会被限制，他依旧保持威力进入斯特拉特福德的茶馆。
No.4 钦定版《圣经》
No.4 The King James Bible
The History of English in Ten Minutes. Chapter four. The King James Bible or
light there be.
十分钟了解英语历史。第四章，钦定版《圣经》或消遣读物。
In 1611 ‘the powers that be’ ‘turned the world upside down’ with a ‘labour of
love’ – a new translation of the bible. A team of scribes with the ‘wisdom of
Solomon’ – ‘went the extra mile’ to make King James’s translation ‘all things to all
men’, whether from their ‘heart’s desire’ ‘to fight the good fight’ or just for the ‘filthy
lucre’.
1611年，统治者用义务劳动颠覆了世界。即一本《圣经》新版本，一群抄写员用所罗门的智慧，加倍努力，使得詹姆士国王的译本成为所有人的一切。不论是尊崇他们内心的欲望，为了信仰和原则而战，或只是为了不义之财。
This sexy new Bible went ‘from strength to strength’, getting to ‘the root of the
matter’ in a language even ‘the salt of the earth’ could understand. ‘The writing wasn’t
on the wall, it was in handy little books and with ‘fire and brimstone’ preachers
reading from it in every church, its words and phrases ‘took root’ ‘to the ends of the
earth’ – well at least the ends of Britain.
这本性感的新《圣经》不断壮大，用一种触及到问题实质的语言，使社会中坚都能理解。著作并不是刻在墙上，它是灵巧方便的小书，还有非常热心的教士在每一个教堂读着它。它的词语在世界的尽头生根，或者至少在全英国。
The King James Bible is the book that taught us that ‘a leopard can’t change its
spots’, that ‘a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush’, that ‘a wolf in sheep’s
clothing’ is harder to spot than you would imagine, and how annoying it is to have ‘a
fly in your ointment’.
詹姆士国王《圣经》教给我们积习难改，双鸟在林不如一鸟在手。披着羊皮的狼比你想象得更难发现。药膏里面的苍蝇确实让人讨厌。
In fact, just as ‘Jonathan begat Meribbaal; and Meribbaal begat Micah. And
Micah begat Pithon’, the King James Bible begat a whole glossary of metaphor and
morality that still shapes the way English is spoken today. Amen.
实际上就如Jonathan生下Meribbaal，Meribbaal生下Micah，Micah又生下
Pithon，詹姆士国王《圣经》创造整套的词组和品行，如今这些还在影响现在的
英语，阿门。
No.5 科学英语
No.5 The English of Science or how to speak with gravity.
十分钟了解英语历史。第五章。科学英语或怎样讲重力。
Before the 17th Century scientists weren’t really recognised – possibly because
lab-coats had yet to catch on.
在17世界以前科学家不被认可，也许因为实验室服装赶不上潮流。
But suddenly Britain was full of physicists – there was Robert Hooke, Robert
Boyle – and even some people not called Robert, like Isaac Newton. The Royal
Society was formed out of the Invisible College – after they put it down somewhere
and couldn’t find it again.
但是英国立马聚满了物理学家，有罗伯特·虎克，有罗伯特·波伊尔，即使是一些不叫罗伯特的人，譬如牛顿。皇家协会是由来自隐形学院的人，他们在某个地方写下之后再没找到了。
At first they worked in Latin. After sitting through Newton’s story about the
‘pomum’ falling to the ‘terra’ from the ‘arbor’ for the umpteenth time, the bright
sparks realised they all spoke English and could transform our understanding of the
universe much quicker by talking in their own language.
最开始他们用拉丁语工作。在耐着性子看完牛顿的故事，关于苹果从树上掉下来，掉过无数次后，这聪明的火花使得他们全都讲英语，也能把我们的理解用他们的语言转化的比较方便。
But science was discovering things faster than they could name them. Words like
‘acid’, ‘gravity’, ‘electricity’ and ‘pendulum’ had to be invented just to stop their
meetings turning into an endless game of charades.
但是科学比他们可以命名的速度发展的要快，像酸，重力，电，钟摆不得不发明来阻止他们的会议变得无止尽的字谜游戏。
Like teenage boys, the scientists suddenly became aware of the human body –
coining new words like ‘cardiac’ and ‘tonsil’, ‘ovary’, and ‘sternum’ - and the
invention of ‘penis’ (1693), ‘vagina’ (1682) made sex education classes a bit easier to
follow. Though and ‘clitoris’ was still a source of confusion.
就像青年人，科学家突然意识到人的身体，发明新词如心脏，扁桃体，卵巢和胸骨，还有1963年发明的阴JING。1682年的词阴道让性教育变得更加容易教，虽然阴Di还是带来困惑。
No.6 英语和帝国
No.6 English and Empire
The History of English in Ten Minutes. Chapter six. English and Empire or the
sun never set on the English language.
十分钟了解英语历史。第六章，英语和帝国或英语的太阳永不落。
With English making its name as the language of science, the Bible and
Shakespeare, Britain decided to take it on tour.
随着英语被大量用于科学，圣经，和莎士比亚作品，英国决定让它发扬光大。
Asking only for land, wealth, natural resources, total obedience to the crown and
a few local words in return.
寻找土地，财富，自然资源，完全忠于国王，带回了一些外来词。
They went to the Caribbean looking for gold and a chance to really unwind –
discovering the ‘barbeque’, the ‘canoe’ and a pretty good recipe for rum punch.
They also brought back the word ‘cannibal’ to make their trip sound more exciting.
他们去加勒比寻找黄金，有机会真正自由的发掘出一些词汇，例如烧烤，木舟和很多朗姆潘趣酒的菜谱。他们还带回食人者这类词汇让旅行更加刺激。
In India there was something for everyone. ‘Yoga’ – to help you stay in shape,
while pretending to be spiritual. If that didn’t work there was the ‘cummerbund’ to
hide a paunch and - if you couldn’t even make it up the stairs without turning
‘crimson’ – they had the ‘bungalow’.
在印度英国人发明了一些词汇跟每个人的生活都有点儿关系。瑜伽让人保持身材，也试图使人精神，如果那个没有效，还有腹带来隐藏大肚子。如果你上台阶会红脸，他们有平房。
Meanwhile in Africa they picked up words like ‘voodoo’ and ‘zombie’ –
kicking off the teen horror film – and even more terrifying, they brought home the
world’s two most annoying musical instruments – the ‘bongo’ and the ‘banjo’.
同时在非洲，他们使用伏都教和僵尸，击败青年人的恐怖电影，更加恐怖的是他们带回世界上最吵闹的乐器，小鼓，班卓琴。
From Australia, English took the words ‘nugget’, ‘boomerang’ and ‘walkabout’ -
and in fact the whole concept of chain pubs.
英国人从澳洲带来词汇，金属，回力棒，随身听，实际上还有连锁酒吧的概念。
Between toppling Napoleon (1815) and the first World War (1914), the British
Empire gobbled up around 10 millions square miles, 400 million people and nearly a
hundred thousand gin and tonics, leaving new varieties of English to develop all over
the globe.
在拿破仑失败的那年即1815年和一战之间即1914年，英国吞没了大约1千万平方英里的土地，4亿人口，近10万的杜松烧酒和补品，使得英语在全球
拓展。
