富人和穷人的心理差异

Charles Dickens' classic "A Christmas Carol" paints a picture of stark contrasts. The impoverished Cratchit family share love and joy, while Ebenezer Scrooge is wealthy, cold and "solitary as an oyster."

查尔斯·狄更斯的经典小说《圣诞颂歌》描绘了一幅鲜明对比的画面。贫穷的克拉奇蒂一家分享着爱和欢乐，而埃比尼泽·斯克罗吉富有、冷漠、“像牡蛎一样孤独”。

Just in time for Christmas, new research shines a light on the resilience of those with less.

就在圣诞节来临之际，一项新的研究揭示了那些收入较低的人的心理弹性。

People at the lower end of the income scale take more pleasure in their relationships and enjoy caring for and connecting with others, according to a study published Monday in the journal Emotion.

周一发表在“ 情感”杂志上的一项研究表明，收入较低的人对自己的人际关系更感兴趣，喜欢关心他人和与他人联系。

By contrast, the positive emotions experienced by people with higher incomes are mainly focused on themselves, the research suggests.

相反，研究表明，高收入人群所经历的积极情绪主要集中在他们自己身上。

"People who are poorer are more reliant on others to get by," said Paul Piff, lead author of the study and an assistant professor of psychology and social behavior at the University of California, Irvine. "They really prioritize relationships because of their reduced resources, and so they are more likely to really focus on emotions that bind them to one another and find satisfaction and delight in relationships through compassion and love."

该研究的主要作者、加州大学欧文分校(University of California, Irvine)心理学和社会行为学助理教授保罗·皮夫(Paul Piff)说:“穷人更依赖他人度日。”“他们真的会优先考虑人际关系，因为他们的资源减少了，所以他们更有可能真正关注那些将他们彼此联系在一起的情感，并通过同情和爱在人际关系中找到满足和快乐。”

For the study, Piff and his co-author, Jake P. Moskowitz, a graduate student at UC Irvine, surveyed more than 1,500 Americans ranging from 24 to 93 years old.

为了这项研究，皮夫和他的合著者、加州大学欧文分校的研究生杰克p莫斯科维茨(Jake P. Moskowitz)调查了1500多名年龄在24岁至93岁之间的美国人。

The questions were designed to measure the magnitude of seven emotions experienced each day: amusement, awe, compassion, contentment, enthusiasm, love and pride. Previous research suggests these seven separate feelings are the underlying individual components of general positive emotion.

这些问题旨在衡量人们每天经历的七种情绪的大小:娱乐、敬畏、同情、满足、热情、爱和骄傲。先前的研究表明，这七种不同的感觉是一般积极情绪的基本组成部分。

Participants rated their agreement with statements such as: "My life is full of wonder," "Nurturing others gives me a warm feeling inside," and "I get great pleasure from pursuing my goals."

参与者对自己的回答进行了打分，比如:“我的生活充满了奇迹”、“培养他人让我内心感到温暖”、“我从追求目标中获得了巨大的快乐”。

As Piff explained, other studies tend to ask the very broad question, "How happy are you?"

正如皮夫所解释的，其他研究倾向于问一个非常宽泛的问题，“你有多幸福?”

For the new study, "We break happiness down into all of its emotional components: all the different kinds of positive emotions we want to experience on a daily basis," he said.

在这项新研究中，“我们将幸福分解为所有的情感成分:所有我们想要在日常生活中体验的各种积极情绪，”他说。

"As income increases, as you rise in the rankings of household income, your tendencies -- or daily experiences -- of pride, amusement, contentment go up, and your experience of compassion and love and awe go down," Piff said. Enthusiasm was the one emotion unaffected by wealth, with both rich and poor experiencing the same level.

皮夫说:“随着收入的增加，随着你在家庭收入排名中的上升，你的骄傲、娱乐、满足的倾向——或者说日常经历——会上升，而同情心、爱心和敬畏感会下降。”热情是一种不受财富影响的情绪，富人和穷人都经历着同样的水平。

There are reasons for expecting wealth and income to shape certain emotions, noted Piff.

皮夫指出，人们有理由期待财富和收入会影响某些情绪。

"Wealth makes you less reliant on other people," he said. "Because of that, you're more likely to kind of focus on emotions that make you feel independent and different from other people -- things that make you stand out.

他说:“财富能让你减少对他人的依赖。”正因为如此，你更有可能关注那些让你感到独立和与众不同的情感——那些让你脱颖而出的东西。

"But of course these aren't absolute differences; it's not the case that wealthy people don't feel any compassion or any love," Piff said. "It's just that wealth sort of buffers you from experiencing as much of it as perhaps you should or as other people do."

“当然，这些并不是绝对的差别;这并不是说有钱人没有同情心或爱心。”“只是财富在某种程度上缓冲了你的经历，让你不像其他人那样经历那么多。”