新东方托福词汇讲义
今天,听力课堂小编在此跟大家分享新东方托福词汇讲义。
第一章 词汇的记忆方法
一. 基础记忆方法
只有一种:看过记住并把它背下来。
二. 核心辅助记忆方法
1. 词根词缀法>>任何其他方法
un-, dis-, -tion, -tive, … 点记
忆 法→面 记 忆法
正如中文的偏旁部首,“釒”,“目”等,或者词尾“儿”等等。
2. 联想记忆法≡自己的方法(扯淡法)
athlete vs agony hippopotamus vs charisma
只要是自己的方法就可以一直记住。但不适合大片记忆,适合记忆一些特殊单词或 长时间难以记住的单词。
三. 词汇记忆的误区
1. 每个字母都要背
2. 仅仅联想或放弃联想
3. 完全放弃
四. 托福对词汇的要求
1. 各单项的要求: 阅读:能根据上下文或其他线索判断单词的释义,不需要任何与 文章涉及的相关专业领域的专业知识即可做题。
听力:掌握大学生活的日常用语和少数习语、词组的发音和释 义 口语:基本是自己最善长的语言习惯,注意发音。
写作:自己最熟悉,最常用, 最能把握的单词,词组和一些考试常用的习惯说法或句型。尽量避免使用偏词难词,避免出现拼写和用法错误。
2. 整体对词汇数量和难度要求
2000?3000?5000?还是 8000?甚至 12000?
总量不变 VS 分量增加
五. 背单词的宏观计划和策略------态度决定一切
1. 每天 100~150 个单词
2. 每天一小时~两小时
3. 每天一篇文章
第二章 词缀
一. 前缀(Prefix)
在语言学中被称作黏着语素(bound morpheme)。本身不具词义,只是根据词根的本义衍生出实际意义。
tract------protract, retract, extract, abstract, attract, detract, distract, contract, subtract, intractable
真正常见的前缀并不很多,只要记住这些前缀就可以判断该词与其词根的基本关系,从而帮助记忆。
二. 后缀(Suffix)
亦被称为黏着语素。可以通过后缀轻易判断该词的词性,甚至使用方法。
Satisfy, satisfaction, satisfactory, satisfied, satisfying …
-ing 令人…,-ed(人)被…,感到…
三. 应用
1. Word class changed
N→V
length+ en→ lengthen
hospital+ ize→ hospitalize
un+ horse → unhorse
dis+ card→ discard
N→Adj
fool+ ish→ foolish
beast+ly→ beastly
delight+ ful→delightful
speech+ less→speechless
virtue+ ous→ virtuous
N→Adj/Adv
clock+ wise→ clockwise(withershins)
earth+ ward→ earthward
V→N
work+ er→ worker
pay+ ee→ payee
inhabit+ ant→ inhabitant
V→Adj
accept+ able→ acceptable
adore+ able→ adorable
Adj→N
mean+ ness→ meanness
rapid+ ity→ rapidity
Adj→V
deaf+ en→ deafen
sweet+ en→ sweeten
Adj→Adv
exact+ ly→ exactly
quick+ ly→ quickly
2. Word class unchanged
N→N
non+ smoker→ nonsmoker
ex+ president→ ex-president
profit+ eer→ profiteer
book+ let→ booklet
V→V
dis+ obey→ disobey
un+ do→ undo
Adj→Adj
tall+ ish→ tallish
il+ logical→ illogical
3. in & im
injustice imperfect
inefficient impenetrable
infirm impossible
4. r→ l
grammar (O.E.)→ glamour (M.E.)
Scots [magic spell]
苏格兰语 [有魔力的符咒]
alteration of grammar [from the association of learning with magic]
grammar 的变化 [从与学习魔法的联系中得来]
peregrinus (Latin)→ pilgrim
marbre (French) → marble
5. 特殊构词法
⑴ Invention 造字
Kodak, Coke, Nylon, granola(格兰诺拉麦片),
⑵ Blending 由组合其他词的某部分而创造出的新词
i. 词前+词后
transfer + resister → transistor
smoke + fog → smog
positive + electron → positron
boat + hotel → boatel
breakfast + lunch → brunch
television + broadcast → telecast
cremated + remains → cremains(骨灰)
ii. 词前+词前
teleprinter + exchange → telex (电报)
modulator + demodulator → modem(调制解调器)
analog + computer → anacom(分析计算机)
digital + computer → digicom(数字电脑)
insulating + lacquer → insulac(绝缘漆)
iii. Quiz
bash 怒殴 =? channel+ tunnel
smash 打碎, 粉碎 =? spiced+ ham
glimmer 闪烁=? flame+ glare
clash 冲突=? motor+ hotel
flare 闪耀=? bat+ mash
motel 汽车旅馆=? smack+ mash
workaholic 专心工作的人=? gleam+ shimmer
spam 垃圾广告=? chuckle+ snort
chunnel 水底隧道=? work+ alcoholic
chortle 得意地笑=? clap+ crash
⑶ Abbreviation 缩写
i. Cutting the final part (or with a slight variation)
advertisement →ad
bicycle →bike
brassiere →bra
condominium →condo (分户出售公寓大厦)
delicatessen →deli ( (pl. delis)熟食品 熟食店)
fanatic → fan
mathematics →math
mayonnaise →mayo (蛋黄酱)
narcotics agent →narc (缉查毒品的刑警)
professor → prof
television → telly
ii. Cutting the initial part
aeroplane → plane
helicopter→ copter
caravan→ van(n./v.沙漠, 旅行队, 大篷车)
omnibus → bus
telephone → phone
iii. Cutting both the initial and final parts accordingly
influenza → flu
refrigerator → fridge
detective → tec
also seen in names:
Robert → Bob
Edward → Ed
Elizabeth → Liza
Michael → Mike
and in educational domain:
chem for chemistry
exam for examination
gym for gymnasium
lab for laboratory
⑷ Acronym 只取首字母的缩写词
EEC→ European Economic Community
CIA→ Central Intelligence Agency
PLO→ Palestine Liberation Organization
UNESCO→ United Nations Education Science and Culture Organization
WTO→ World Trade Organization
WB→ World Bank
DINK→ Double Income No Kids
Shortening:
Aids→ acquired immune deficiency syndrome 获得性免疫缺损综合症
EEG→ electroencephalogram 脑电图描记器
Radar→ Radio detecting and ranging
MANIAC→ mathematical analyzer numerical integrator and computer 数学分析器数值积分器和计算机
COBOL→ common business oriented language 面向商业的通用语言
WASP→ white Anglo-Saxon protestant
VAT→ value added tax 增值税
⑸ Back-formation 逆构词法
gangling → gangle
editor → edit
peddler → peddle
hawker → hawk
enthusiasm→ enthuse
laser → lase
calmative →calm
⑹ Borrowing
Chinese: taji, chow mien, wok, kung-fu
Japanese: judo
小编希望所写内容能对大家有所帮助哦!