Episode 136: September 19, 2008
Grammar Girl here.
Today’s topic is the complex-compound sentence.
Guest writer Sal Glynn writes:
Most writers worth their fingertip calluses begin as avid readers. We read books, magazines, and websites indiscriminately until we start to notice the writing itself and marvel at the many forms a sentence can take. The complex-compound sentence, spinning in the whirl of words, elicits the most admiration and envy. How can I write like that?
Declarative Sentences
First, start small. The declarative sentence is the building block of writing (1). It requires a simple string of one subject and one predicate, and usually has one direct object:
Henrik scrubbed the goat.
Henrik is the subject, scrubbed is the predicate, and the goat is the direct object.
Compound Sentences
All the necessary information is there, but your reader will go for a nap if you write too many short declarative sentences in a row.
Henrik scrubbed the goat. He danced a tarantella.*
Blah. But those two declarative sentences are related to each other because they're both about Henrik. So you can combine them to make a compound sentence:
Henrik scrubbed the goat, and he danced a tarantella.
Now the sentence contains two independent clauses, Henrik scrubbed the goat and he danced a tarantella. They're joined by the conjunction “and,” and can also be expressed as separate sentences—which is the big test for any compound structure.
Complex Sentences
The next step on the ladder of sentence complexity is the complex sentence. The straightforward, no-nonsense complex sentence is made of a main clause and a dependent clause. The main clause can stand alone, but just as dependent children need their parents, dependent clauses need their main clause to escape being sentence fragments.
Henrik cleaned his beard after the goat kicked straw in his face.
Henrik cleaned his beard is the main clause and after the goat kicked straw in his face is the dependent clause. Readers get more information from complex sentences, and including them makes for an engaging reading experience.
Acquiring the Skill
Moving even higher on the ladder of sentence complexity, we've got the complex-compound sentence. As you might have guessed, complex-compound sentences are a combination of compound sentences and complex sentences. They have at least two main clauses and one dependent clause, and sometimes many others. Punctuation can also expand past the lone comma and period to include semicolons, and even dashes.
Henrik never should have bought the goat after it kicked straw in his face; he wanted to impress Daphne, who always wore a leopard skin pillbox hat.