Realize Skiing　认识滑雪运动

     1　滑雪运动面面观
     Skiing is a recreational activity using skis as equipment for traveling over snow. Skis are used in conjunction with boots that connect to the ski with use of a binding.
     Skiing can be grouped into two general categories. The older of the two disciplines originated in Scandinavia and uses free-heel bindings that attach at the toes of the skier's boots but not at the heels. Types of Nordic skiing include cross-country, ski jumping and Telemark. Alpine skiing (more often called "downhill skiing"), originated in the European Alps, and is characterized by fixed-heel bindings that attach at both the toe and the heel of the skier's boot.
     Skiing competition is organized by the International Ski Federation, which is responsible for development of rules and scheduling of competitions worldwide in alpine skiing, cross country skiing, freestyle
     2　滑雪类型的表达方式
     （1） Alpine skiing　高山滑雪
     Alpine skiing is also called downhill skiing. Typically, downhill skiing takes place at a ski resort with specified ski pistes or ski runs. Ski resorts that offer downhill skiing exist all over the world in cold climate areas.
     （2）Freestyle skiing　花样滑雪
     Alpine Freestyle (高山花样滑雪) : This kind of skiing employs the
     use of aerial acrobatics and balance, balance being necessary for rails.
     Freestyle/Newschool(自由式滑雪) : Freestyle skiing is the type of
     skiing with which tricks are usually associated.
     （3）Nordic skiing　越野与跳台混合滑雪
     Nordic Skiing: Also called Cross-country skiing or Cross-country racing. Take its name from a type of ski race that is one third up, one third down, and one third flat. skiing, Nordic combined and ski jumping. Competition is managed in each country by its national association. The U.S. Ski and Snowboard Association is responsible for competitive skiing in America.
     Skiing is so popular in today's life, that it has been the main motif for many collectors' coins and medals. One of the most recent one is the Austrian 5 Euro 100 Years of Skiing commemorative coin, minted on January 26, 2005. The design shows a snow crystal symbolizing winter sport with a downhill skier racing through the crystal.
     Many different types of skiing are popular, especially in colder climates, and many types of competitive skiing events are recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), the International Ski Federation (FIS), and other sporting organizations, such as the U.S. Ski and Snowboard Association in America. Skiing is most visible to the public during the Winter Olympic Games where it is a major sport.
     （4）Military skiing　军事滑雪
     In addition to its role in recreation and sport, skiing is also used as a means of transport by the military, and many armies train troops for ski warfare.
     （5）other styles　其他类型
     Kite skiing (雪放风筝) is skiing done while being pulled or carried by a parasail, hang glider, or kite.
     Adaptive Skiing is skiing done by individuals with physical disabilities.
     滑雪是运动员把滑雪板装在靴底上在雪地上进行速度、跳跃和滑降的竞赛运动。滑雪板用木材、金属材料和塑料混合制成。高山滑雪由滑降，小回转和大回转（障碍滑雪）组成。高山滑雪混合项目，由上述三个项目组成。"立"、"板"、"雪"、"滑"是滑雪运动的关键要素。目前世界比赛正规的大项目分为：高山滑雪、北欧滑雪（越野滑雪、跳台滑雪）、自由式滑雪、冬季两项滑雪、雪上滑板滑雪等。
Part 2　Key words＆ Sentences　关键词句全知道
     Downhill skiing is not for everyone. It's fast, it's dangerous, and if you're a new skier, it can be pretty frightening.
     滑降滑雪可不是每个人都能玩的。它快速又危险，如果你是新手的话还会觉得蛮可怕的。
     Most commercial ski areas do all they can to make skiing safer. The trails are cleared of rocks and trees, ice is removed or covered in fluffy snow, and signs are posted to warn skiers of hidden dangers.
     大部分营业的滑雪地区都会尽可能使滑雪更加安全。他们会清除滑雪道上的石块和树木、除去结冰或用松雪覆盖，并且张贴警告让滑雪者知道潜在的危险。
     Extreme skiing is a sport done in the open wilderness, away from the protection of commercial ski areas.
     极速滑雪是一种在荒野地区玩的运动，远离营业滑雪区的保护。
     Big mountains and a lot of snow are the only things an extreme skier needs.
     极速滑雪者所需的只是大山和深厚的积雪。
     The Rocky Mountains in the U.S. and Canada and the Chamonix Valley in France are a couple of places where long winters and tall mountains combine to create an extreme skier's paradise.
     美国与加拿大的落基山脉、法国的夏慕尼山谷等地，因为有漫长的冬季和高耸的山脉，成为极速滑雪者的天堂。
     The extreme skier's day always begins early.
     极速滑雪者的一天总是很早就开始了。
     An early start is a matter of safety because the afternoon sun can melt snow and make avalanches much more likely.
     较早开始是为了安全起见，因为下午的阳光会将积雪融化，大大提高雪崩的可能。
     Avalanches are the biggest danger that extreme skiers face, and most of their preparations and equipment are intended to lower the risk of dying under a thousand tons of snow.
     雪崩是极速滑雪者面临的最大危险，他们大部分的准备与器材就是为了降低埋在一千吨雪之下死亡的危险性。
     Extreme skiers usually carry three essential pieces of safety equipment.
     极速滑雪者通常要携带三项基本安全配备。
     The first is a shovel. They use shovels to dig test holes in the snow before they begin climbing up.
     第一项是圆锹。爬上山之前，他们会用圆锹在雪地挖测试洞。
     By looking at the layers of snow in their test hole, an experienced extreme skier can tell if there's likely to be an avalanche.
     有经验的极速滑雪者看看测试洞里头一层层的积雪就知道会不会有雪崩。
     The second is an electronic beacon. Beacons serve both as transmitters and receivers.
     第二项是电子信号器。信号器既是发射器也是接收器。
     If a skier gets buried in an avalanche, the beacon is used to locate his or her general position.
     如果滑雪者被雪崩掩埋，信号器就可用来找出其大概位置。
     The third piece of safety equipment is a long, think pole. It's used to probe deep into the snow to pinpoint the location of a buried skier.
     第三项安全配备是一根又长又细的竿，来探测雪中深处以找出被埋滑雪者的精确位置。
     Extreme skiers get to ski on the best snow around. They ski on deep, light, powdery snow, instead of the hard-packed and smoothened snow of commercial ski areas.
     极速滑雪者可以在最好的雪地上滑雪。他们滑的是深厚的、轻软的、粉状的白雪，而不是营业滑雪区里压得死硬、平滑的雪。
     A 4000 year long history of skiing has made Norway a proud ski nation with great alpine resorts and more than 30, 000 kilometers of cross-country trails.
     4000年悠久的滑雪历史使挪威成为一个以滑雪自豪的国度，有很好的高山滑雪胜地和超过30，000公里的越野滑雪道。
     Skiing is the original action sport. And the fact is: skiers go bigger, faster, higher, can spin and flip more than any other human-powered sport, ever.
     滑雪是最早问世的极限运动。而且，在所有单纯人力驱动的运动项目中，双板滑雪可以实现最大的跳跃，最快的速度，最高的高度和最多的旋转及空翻周数。
     Free skiing really starts to taking off in the 1800, and since the ski lift wasn't invented until 1908, free skiers in the 19th century took it to the streets.
     双板自由式真正始于19世纪，由于直到1908年才发明滑雪缆车，所以19世纪的自由式双板滑手们主要在街头玩耍。
     Now free skiing is always about having good times with friends and showing off your best smooth.
     自由式滑雪一直就是一项与朋友共耍，并展现自身完美表演的运动。

     Tom: Wow, this is amazing. I'm glad we've come here. So cool.
     汤姆：哇，这真是太棒了。真高兴我们到这里来。太酷了。
     Daniel: I always love skiing. You know, it's a cool game for cool people. Stay with me and you will be cool, too.
     丹尼尔：我总是很喜欢滑雪。你知道，这是给酷人玩的酷游戏。跟我一起你也会变酷。
     Tom: Hey, look over there. It seems that there is something interesting going on. Let's go and have a look.
     汤姆：嗨，看那边。那边好像有挺有趣的事。我们过去看看吧。
     Daniel: Sure. It's probably the skiing show. Adam told me there were many skiing clubs whose members put on shows to attract more visitors.
     丹尼尔：行，那很可能是滑雪表演。亚当告诉我这里有很多滑雪俱乐部，它们的成员会进行表演来吸引更多的游客。
     Tom: See that. It's so dangerous. My mom would never allow me to do that.
     汤姆：看那个。那太危险了。我妈妈永远都不会让我做那个的。
     Daniel: Hey, don't be so pathetic. It's a maximal sports show. What else can they do to attract more visitors? Stop all this fuss and enjoy the show.
     丹尼尔：嗨，别那么可怜兮兮的了。这可是极限表演。否则他们还能做什么吸引游客啊？别大惊小怪了，我们好好看表演吧。
     Tom: You are right. But what if the avalanche happened?
     汤姆：好吧。不过，要是发生雪崩怎么办呢？
     Daniel: They are all very experienced and great skiers. So I suppose the chance for them to be buried by an avalanche is slim.
     丹尼尔：他们个个都是经验丰富的出色滑雪者，所以我猜他们被雪崩埋葬的可能性极小。
     Tom: Anyway, the show is breathtaking. By the way, where did they get so much snow in here?
     汤姆：不管怎样，这表演真是激动人心。对了，他们从哪儿弄这么多雪到这里的？
     Daniel: Don't you know that? Are you kidding me?
     丹尼尔：你难道不知道吗？你是在跟我开玩笑的吧？
     Tom: Hey, not everyone is as lucky as you to have a father who is a scientist.
     汤姆：嗨，不是每个人都像你那么幸运有一个当科学家的老爸的。
     Daniel: Sorry. Well, they have the most advanced snowmaking machine.
     丹尼尔：对不起。这个，他们有最先进的造雪设备。
     Tom: Do you think the snowmaking may cause pollution?
     汤姆：你觉得造雪会引起污染吗？
     Daniel: It's possible. But the boss here said they were doing whatever they can.
     丹尼尔：那是有可能的。不过，这里的老板说过他们会尽可能避免污染。
     Tom: It's a good thing. OK, let's go skiing.
     汤姆：那还不错。好了，我们去滑雪吧。
     Daniel: Here we go.
     丹尼尔：走喽！