2015年真题
Baseline Exam Is Key to Eye Health
Even people with no signs or risk factors for eye disease can suffer vision loss and need to get baseline eye exams at age 40, says the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO). The reminder is part of the academy's EyeSmart campaign to mark Save Your Vision Month in February.
"Many eye diseases progress without any waming sings," Dr. Stephanie Marioneaux, a clinical correspondent for the AAO, said in a prepared statement. "Gradual changes in vision can affect your ability to function independently and have confidence in your abilities. One of the hardest adjustments a person can make is adapting to life with permanent vision loss. That is why nothing replaces a comprehensive baseline eye exam."
Based on the findings from the initial screening, an ophthalmologist will create a schedule forfollow-up eye exams.
People of any age who have symptoms of eye disease or at high risk due to family history,diabetes or high blood pressure should consult with their ophthalmologist to determine how often they should have their eyes checked, the AAO recommends.
By 2020,43 million Americans will be at significant risk for vision loss or blindness due to age-related eye diseases such as cataracts, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma and macular degeneration.
That's a more than 50 percent increase over the current number of Americans with such vision-threatening diseases.
But many Americans are unconcemed about the risk of vision loss. Only 23 percent of Americans are very concemed about losing their vision, while most feel weight gain or joint or back pain are greater worries than vision loss, according to an AAO survey conducted for its EyeSmart campaign.
16. Everyone need to get baseline eye exams at age 40, according to the American Academy of Ophthalmology.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
17. In Dr. Stephanie Marioneaux's opinion, eye diseases progress by warning signs.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
18. Gradual changes in vision can affect one's thought.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
19. A schedule for follow-up eye exams will be created by the findings from the initial screening.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
20. Only the old men with diabetes or high blood pressure should consult with eye doctor.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
21. Cataracts and glaucoma are related to age.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
22. Most Americans are concerned about the risk of vision loss more than weight gain.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
2014年真题
Some Schooling on Backpacks
According to the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission,5,900 kids were treated at hospital emergency rooms, clinics, and doctors offices' last year for sprains (扭伤) and strains caused by backpacks. Such injuries are so widespread that more than 70 percent of physicians surveyed by the American Academy of Orthopedic (整形外科的) Surgeons listed backpacks as a potential clinical problem for children.
How do you avoid such problems? Choose bags that have wide, padded straps (有垫的背带)and a belt. That will help transfer some of the weight from the back and shoulders to the hips. You should also tighten both straps firmly, so the pack rests about 2 inches above your waist.Also, remember to pack your bag with the heaviest items closest to your back and to bend both knees when you pick it up.
How much should you stuff into your pack? That depends on your size and strength, but a general rule is not to exceed 20 percent of your body weight. So if a child weighs 100 pounds, the backpack and its load should not be more than 20 pounds. One hint: Make frequent trips to your locker (储物柜) to exchange books between classes.
Backpacks with wheels let you pull the weight along the ground, but they have problems too.
Many are larger than the average shoulder bag, so students are tempted to carry more than they would in a conventional pack.
Roller bags often don't fit into a locker. They can also lead to tripping and falls in crowded halls. Whatever you use,10 or 15 minutes of stretching and back strengthening is a good idea.
16. About six thousand American kids were injured'by carrying backpacks last year.
A. Right
B o Wrong
C. Not mentioned
17.70 percent of UK physicians have treated children with sprains and strains.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
18. Backpacks with wide, padded straps and a belt can help to avoid problems of sprains and strains.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
19. A 100-pound child should carry a backpack of more than 20 pounds.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
20. Children should put all the books in their lockers.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
21. Roller bags tend to be heavier than ordinary backpack.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
22. A 10-15 minutes' exercise will help you bear a heavier backpack.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
2013年真题
Promising Results from Cancer Study
A new experimental vaccine has shown promising results in the fight against lung cancer. In a small Texas-based study, a vaccine developed by scientists at Baylor University Medical Centre in Dallas, USA cured lung cancer in some patients and slowed the progress of the disease in others.
Researchers have reported encouraging findings from this small study. Forty-three patients suffering from lung cancer were involved in. these trials. Ten of these patients were in the early stages and thirty-three in the advanced stages of the disease. They were injected with the vaccine every two weeks for three months, and were carefully monitored for three years. In three of the patients in the advanced stages of cancer, the disease disappeared and in the others, it did not spread for five to twenty-four months. However, no great difference was seen in the patients in the early stages of the illness.
This new vaccine uses the patient's own immune system. It is made specifically for each patient and is injected into the arm or leg. It stimulates the body's immune system, which then recognizes that the cancer cells are harmful, and attacks and destroys them.
The vaccine could be effective against other forms of cancer. It offers great hope for the treatment of cancer in general, although further studies are needed before such treatment can be widely used.
16. The vaccine cured all the participants in the trial.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
17. Over forty people participated in the study.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
18. Patients in the early stages of the disease recovered more quickly in the trial.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
19. All the patients were from Dallas.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
20. Every patient was injected with the same vaccine.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. NOT mentioned
21. The vaccine activates the immune system.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
22. The vaccine may be useful for treating other cancers.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
答案与解析
2015年真题
16.A。题干：根据美国眼科学会的说法。每个人都需要在40岁时进行基线眼睛检查，利用题干关键词40和American Academy of Ophthalmology可以定位到文章第一段，由此可知根据美国眼科学会的说法，即便是没有任何症状和风险因素的人也可能会遭遇失明，因而需要在40岁时进行基线眼睛的检查。题干所述与原文信息一致，故该题答案为A。
17.B。题干：根据Stephanie Marioneaux的观点，眼睛疾病的发生都会有警告症状。利用题干关键词Dr.Stephanie Marioneaux和warning sign可以定位到文章第二段第一句，意为“许多眼睛疾病的发生都没有警告症状”，所以题干所述与原文信息不一致，故该题答案为B。
18.C。题干：视觉的逐渐变化会影响一个人的思维。利用题干关键词Gradual changes和affect thought可以定位到文章第二段第二句，意为“视觉的逐渐变化会影响你机体功能的独立发挥以及会影响你对自己能力的信息”，但是并未提及对思维的影响，故该题答案为C。
19.A。题干：后续眼睛检查的安排要根据最初检测的结果进行安排。利用题干关键词follow-up eye exams和initial screenin9可以定位到第三段，可知基于前期检查的结果，眼科专家会为后续的检查制定安排。由此可知题干所述与原文信息一致，故该题答案为A。
20.B。题干：只有糖尿病和高血压的老人应该咨询眼科医师。利用题干关键词diabetes和high blood pressure可以定位到第四段，可知任何年龄段的有眼疾症状的人或者因为家族史、糖尿病或高血压而处于风险之中的人都应咨询眼科专家来决定他们进行眼部检查的频率，所以题干所述与原文信息不一致，故该题答案为B。
21.A。题干：白内障和青光眼与年龄有关。利用题干关键词Cataracts和glaucoma可以定位到最五段第一句，意为“到2020年，约4300万美国人将会有失明和变成盲人的风险，因为那些与年纪有关的眼疾，诸如白内障、青光眼等”。由此可知题干所述与原文信息一致，所以该题答案为A。
22.B。题干：多数美国人对失明风险的关注多于对体重增加的关注。利用题干关键词risk of vision loss和题目顺序可以定位到最后一段的第一句，可知多数的美国人并不关注失明的风险，所以题干所述与原文信息不一致，故该题答案为B。
2014年真题
16.A。题干：去年大约有6000名美国孩子因为背包而受伤。由文章第一段第一句可知，根据统计，去年美国有5900个孩子因为由背带书包引起的扭伤及拉伤而接受治疗。故题干表述正确。
17.B。题干：70%的英国医生曾经治疗过孩子的拉伤和扭伤。文章第一段最后一句中关于此处的表述背景是在美国，而题干中是英国，并且此处的70%指的是占接受调查医生总数的比例。故题干描述错误。
18.A。题干：一个带有宽背带垫和腰带的背包有利于避免拉伤和扭伤的问题。由文章第二段第二句和第三句可知，选择一个带有宽背带垫和腰带的背包有助于把背包的一部分重量从肩部和背部转移分担到臀部。
19.B。题干：一个体重100磅的孩子应该背20多磅的背包。由文章第三段第三句可知，如果一个孩子体重为一百磅，那么他的背包负重不应超过20磅。
20.B。题干：孩子们应该将所有的书放进储物柜里。由文章第三段最后一句可知，文章给出的建议是经常去储物柜调换不同科目用的课本，而不是将所有的课本都放入储物柜里。
21.C。题干：拉杆式书包往往比普通背包重。文章第四段第二句中提到很多拉杆式书包比普通的带肩带背包要大，但并未提到其重量。
22.A。题干：10——15分钟的锻炼可以帮助你承受更多的重量。由文章最有一段最后一句可知，10到15分钟的拉伸和背部强化锻炼会是很不错的方法。故题干描述正确。
2013年真题
16.B。题干：该疫苗治愈了参加试验的所有患者。从第二段最后一句可知，有些患者被治愈了，有些患者是病情得到缓解，因此题干内容有误，故选B。
17.A。题干：超过四十人参加了这个试验。从第二段第二句可知，参加试验的有43人。因此题干内容正确，故选A。
18.B。题干：试验中，处于癌症早期的患者恢复得更快。从第二段最后两句可知，癌症晚期的患者注射疫苗后有很大变化，癌症早期的没有多大起色。因此题干内容有误，故选B。
19.C。题干：所有患者都来自达拉斯。从第一段第二句可知，疫苗是达拉斯一所大学的医疗中心研究出来的，但并没有提到患者来自哪里。因此答案为C(未提及)。
20.B。题干：每个患者注射的都是一样的疫苗。从第三段前两句可知每支疫苗都是根据患者的免疫系统(immune system)研究出来的，所以疫苗是不同的。因此题干内容有误，故选B。
21.A。题干：疫苗激活了免疫系统。从第三段第三旬可知，它能刺激(stimulate)人体的免疫系统，然后识别癌症细胞是有害的，继而攻击和破坏这些癌细胞。因此题干内容正确，故选A。
22.A。题干：疫苗可能在治疗其他癌症上发挥作用。根据文章第一段“…cured lung cancer in some patients and slowed the progress ofthe disease in others.”和第四段最后一句“It offers great hope for the treatment of cancer in general，although further studies are needed before such treatment can be widely used.”可知，题干叙述正确，故选A。
