连词是用来连接单词、短语、从句或句子的词。连词是一种虚词，在句子中不能独立充当句子成分，只起连接作用。

08-3 7组常用易混从属连词的用法及区别

1.as，because，for和since

■as表示“因为、由于”，语气比because，since弱，含义与since相同，但没有since正式，所引导的原因状语从句表示不言而喻、为人所知、显而易见的原因和理由，或者理由不是很重要。as引导的从句通常位于主句的前面。从句说明原因，主句说明结果，主从并重。如：As I had a cold，I was absent from school.因为我感冒了，所以没去上课。

As I have time today，I want to visit my grandparents.因为今天有时间，我想去看望我的祖父母。

■because表示“因为”，与as，for，since相比语气最强，主从句间有直接的因果关系，它所指的原因通常是听话人所不知道的，从句一般放在主句的后面，也可放在主句前面或单独存在；在回答why的问句时，必须用because。如：

The swimming pool won't be open today because they're making repairs.游泳池今天不开放，因为他们在修理。

— Why did you move to France？你们为什么搬到法国？

— Because my father found work in Paris.因为我父亲在巴黎找到了工作。

■for表示“因为”，用法与because相似，但它不表示直接原因，它所表示的原因往往提供上文未交待过的情况。表明附加或推断的理由，它所引导的分句只能放在所要说明的句子的后面（或单独成为一个句子），并且前后两个分句间的逻辑关系不一定是明显的因果关系。如：

I went to see him，for I had something to tell him.我去见他，因为我有事要告诉他。

■since 意为“由于、既然”，侧重主句，since引起的从句表示显然的或已为人所知的、无需加以说明的原因或理由，通常置于句首，表示一种含有勉强语气的原因。语气比because弱，但是比as 强。如：

Since we have no money，we can't buy that vase.既然我们没钱，我们就不能买那花瓶。

Since everybody is here，let's begin our party.既然大家都到了，那就开始我们的聚会吧！

注意：

①英语中用了because后，不可再用so。

②在强调句型中，表示原因时只能用because，不用as和for。如：

It was because I missed the early bus that I was late for school我上学迟到是因为我没有赶上早班汽车。

③since引导原因状语从句时，表示的原因是对方知道的，并不是直接原因，所以只是起到铺垫的作用

2.because和because of

■because表示“因为”，后跟原因状语从句，强调其后要接句子。如：

He didn't go to school today because he was ill.今天他没有上学，因为他病了。

■because of表示“因为”，其后只能接名词、代词或动名词，不能接从句。如：

We had to stay at home last Sunday because of the bad weather.因为恶劣的天气，上星期天我们不得不呆在家里。

3.if和whether

■if引导宾语从句，意为“是否”，可与whether互换使用；if 在口语中用得较多。如：

Lucy asked if （whether）they had a cotton sweater.露西问他们是否有棉的毛衣。

■whether引导宾语从句，意为“是否”，可与if互换使用；whether多用于书面语及正式的场合。如：

Nobody knows whether （if）it will rain tomorrow.没有人知道明天是否下雨。

注意：

①在引导否定概念的宾语从句时，只能用if，而不用whether。如：

He asked me if I hadn't finished my work.他问我是不是还没有完成那项工作。

在如下情况下多用whether而不用if：

②在动词不定式之前只能用whether，而不用if。如：

I can't decide whether to stay.我不能决定是否留下。

He doesn't know whether to visit that old man again.他不知道是否要再去看望那位老人。

③在介词后的宾语从句，只能用whether引导而不用if。如：

His father is worried about whether he will lose his work.他的父亲担心是否会失去他的工作。

④当宾语从句置于句首表示强调时用whether引导不宜用if。如：

Whether he lives there，I don't know.他是否住在那里我不知道。

⑤与or not 连用时用whether而不用if。如：

I don't know whether or not they will come for our help.我不知道他们是否要来求我们支援。

⑥在及物动词discuss后的宾语从句中，只能用whether，不能用if。如：

We discussed whether we should make a change in our plan.我们讨论了是不是要对我们的计划作一些修改。

⑦在及物动词know后的宾语从句，为避免产生歧义常用whether而不用if引导。如：

Let me know whether he has left for Shanghai.告诉我他是否已经去上海了。

4.so ...that和such ...that

■so ...that ...意为“如此……以致……”，that后引导结果状语从句；其中的so为副词，其后须跟形容词或副词。如：

He became so angry that he couldn't speak.他变得很生气，以致说不出话来。

■such ...that ...意为“如此……以致……”，that后引导结果状语从句；其中的such为形容词，其后接名词，而且名词前可以有形容词或副词修饰。如：

It was such a fine day that we went out for a walk.那是一个很晴朗的日子，于是我们出去散步了。

注意：

①当that前的名词有表示数量多少的many，much，few，little等词修饰时，只能用so，不能用such。但若名词前的little表示“小（的）”意思时，则仍用such，而不能用so。如：

There was so much noise outside that we couldn't hear the teacher.外面嘈杂声很大，以致我们不能听到老师的话。

He had so many falls that he was black and blue all over.他跌了这么多跤，以致全身青一块、紫一块的。

It is such a little sheep that it can't run fast.它是一只小绵羊，跑不快。

②当that前是单数可数名词且该名词前面有形容词修饰时，so与such可以互换，即：so＋adj.＋a/an＋n.＝such＋a/an＋adj.＋n.。如：

She is so good a teacher that we all love her.

She is such a good teacher that we all love her.她是一位好老师,我们都爱她。

③当that前是不可数名词或可数名词复数时，则必须用such，不能用so来代替。如：

It was such fine weather that they all went swimming.那是个好天气，他们都去游泳了。

They are such nice apples that we would like to eat them.这些苹果是如此好，我们都想吃。

5.so that和so ...that

■so that引导目的状语从句，意为“以便；为了”，从句中通常有can/could/may/might/will/would/should等情态动词或助动词。如：

The little boy saved every coin so that he could buy his mother a present on Mother's day.为了给母亲买母亲节礼物，小男孩把每个硬币都攒了起来。

■so that还可引导结果状语从句，意为“因此；所以”，从句中一般不用can，may等词，但在so that前可以用逗号。如：

He studied very hard，so that he passed the exam.他学习很认真，结果通过了这次考试。

■so ...that ...意为“如此……以致……”，that引导结果状语从句，so后须接形容词或副词，构成“so+形容词或副词+that从句”句式；如果so之前是系动词，那么so后面可跟形容词；如果so前面是其他动词，那么so后面可跟副词。如：

She was so happy that she danced.她高兴地跳起舞来。

He ran so fast that I could not catch up with him.他跑得太快，以致我跟不上他。

He has so many friends that he doesn't feel lonely at all.他有许多朋友，一点儿也不感到孤独。

注意：

①区分so that引导的从句表示结果还是表示目的，除了根据上下文意思区别外，还可以从形式上加以判断。即so that引导目的状语从句时，该从句常使用can，may，would和should等情态动词；so that引导目的状语从句时，可用to或in order to替换，将其改为简单句。如：

He went early so that he got a good seat.他走得很早，结果占了个好座位。（结果）

He went early so that he could get a good seat.他走得很早，以便能占一个好座位。（目的）

He got up early so that he could get to school on time.为了准时到校，他起床很早。

He got up early to get to school on time.为了准时到校,他很早起床。

in order to get to school on time,He got up early.为了准时到校,他很早起床。

②在so ...that结构中，当that引导的结果状语从句为肯定句时，可以与enough to句型进行转换；当从句为否定句时，可以与too ...to结构相互转换。如：

He started very early so that he could get there in time.

He started early enough to get There in time.他出发得很早,能及时到达。

The boy is so young that he can't look after himself.

the boy is too young to look after himself.那男孩太小,不能照看自己。

6.when，while和as

■when表示“当……时”，引导时间状语从句，既可指时间的一点，也可指一段时间，可以和延续性动词连用，也可以和短暂动作的动词连用。从句的动作可与主句的动作同时发生，也可先于主句的动作。如：

When the clock struck twelve，all the lights went out.当时钟敲了十二下，灯全部都熄了。

When I got to the airport，the guests had left.当我赶到飞机场时，客人们已经离开了。

■while表示“当……时”，引导时间状语从句，只能指一段时间，而不能指时间的一点。用while时，强调从句的动作与主句的动作同时发生，或者主句的动作是在从句的动作的进展过程中发生的。因此，从句中的谓语必须是表示延续性动作或状态的动词。这是while与when的主要差别。如：

Please don't talk so loud while people are working.别人在工作的时候，请不要大声讲话。

■as 表示“当……时”，引导时间状语从句，其后只能和延续性动词连用，从句动作与主句动作同时进行，从句动作的时间概念淡化，着重指从句与主句的动作相伴随或同时发生，可译成：“一面……一面……；随着……；边……边……”。如：

Kate read the book as she went along.凯特边走边读书。

We took notes as we listened to the lecture.我们边听课边记笔记。

注意：

①在when和while引导的时间状语从句中，常省略与主句相同的主语和相应的be，而在as引导的时间状语从句中则一般不省略。如：

Wood gives much smoke while （it is）burning.木头燃烧时冒出许多烟。

He fell asleep while （he was）studying his grammar book.他在阅读语法书的时候睡着了。

While in London，he studied music.他在伦敦的时候研究音乐。

②当主句是将来时态时，从句中常用when引导，且从句须用一般现在时代替将来时。如：

You shall borrow the book when I have finished reading it.在我读完这本书后，你可以借阅。

When the manager comes here for a visit next week，I'll talk with him about this.下周经理来这参观时，我会和他谈谈此事。

7.although与though

■although表示“虽然……但是……”和though同义，引导让步状语从句，一般情况下可以互换使用。但although较为正式，多位于句首，也可以放在主句之后，常用于非正式的口语或书面语中，另外although语气比though重，常用以强调让步概念。如：

Although/Though my car is very old，I don't want to buy a new one.虽然我的汽车很旧，但我不想买一辆新的。

He often helps me with my English although he is quite busy.尽管他相当忙，但是还常常帮我学英语。

■though表示“虽然……但是……”，用法与although相同，但以下情况只用though。

①和even连用时用though表示强调，这里的even though=even if，意思是“即使……也……”。

如：Even if/though we could afford it，we wouldn't go abroad for our vocation.即使我们付得起这笔钱，也不出国度假。

②当让步状语从句指某种假设情况时，通常用though，而不用although。如：

Though all the world were against me，I should still hold to my opinion.就算全世界都反对我，我还是坚持我的立场。

③though可以独立用作副词，常放在句末，意为“还是；仍然；可是；然而”。如：

It's hard work.I enjoy it，though.工作很苦，可是我喜欢。

④though引导让步状语从句时可以倒装，而although从句则不能。如：

Bravely though they fought，they had no chance of winning.虽然他们打得很勇敢，但还是没有机会获胜。

注意：

although所引导的从句不能与并列连词but，and，so等连用，但可以和yet，still等词连用。如：

There is air all around us，although we cannot see it.虽然我们看不见空气，但是它却存在于我们周围。

Although he has a lot of money，yet/still he is unhappy.他虽然有很多钱，但并不幸福。

【中考速递】

1.[上海中考考题] The nurse won't leave her patients _____ she's sure they are all taken good care of.

A.unless B.because C.since D.if

2.[北京中考考题] _____ I got home，my sister was doing her homework.

A.When B.Because C.If D.Though

3.[吉林长春中考考题] — The students of Grade 9 in Changchun have to take part in the P.E.test from 2016.

— Yes，_____ you want to pass it and be stronger，practice more.

A.until B.if C.unless D.or

4.[贵州铜仁中考考题] — I want to be a teacher when I grow up.

— Work hard，_____ your dream will come true.

A.or B.but C.though D.and

5.[海南中考考题] — When shall we send the washing machine to you，Mrs.Read？

— _____ on Thursday _____ on Friday，please.I'll be at home then.

A.Either；or B.Neither；nor C.Both；and

6.[湖北黄冈中考考题] — My parents are crazy about Running Man .How about your parents？

— _____ my dad _____ my mom likes it.They prefer Ode to Joy （欢乐颂）.

A.Not only；but also B.Both；and

C.Either；or D.Neither；nor

【答案点拨】

1.答案：A 句意：护士不能离开病人，除非她确保他们被照顾得很好。由句意可知，表示“除非”用连词unless，故选A。

2.答案：A 句意：当我回到家的时候，我的姐姐/妹妹正在做作业。表示“当……时”用连词when，故选A。

3.答案：B 句意：“长春九年级的学生从2016年起不得不参加体育考试。”“是的，如果你想通过体育考试并变得更强壮，那么就多多训练。”由句意可知，表示“如果”用连词if，故选B。

4.答案：D 句意：“我长大后想要成为一名老师。”“努力学习，你的梦想将会实现。”这里考查“祈使句+and+陈述句”句型，故选D。

5.答案：A 句意：“我们什么时候把洗衣机给你送去，里德夫人？”“或者星期四，或者星期五，我会在家的。”由句意可知，表示“或者……或者……”用either ...or ...。故选A。

6.答案：D 句意：“我的父母对《奔跑吧兄弟》太痴迷了。你的父母呢？”“我的父亲和母亲都不喜欢。他们更喜欢《欢乐颂》。”表示“两个都不”用neither ...nor ...，故选D。

【语法专练 体验中考】

1.[辽宁丹东] We must get up early _____ we can catch the first bus to school.

A.so that B.such that C.in order to D.in order

2.[云南昆明] It is difficult to remember and write Chinese traditional characters（繁体字），_____ they are a great part of Chinese culture.We should keep them.

A.but B.and C.or D.until

3.[黑龙江齐齐哈尔] I was writing a letter _____ she was making a telephone call.

A.while B.when C.before

4.[辽宁沈阳] _____ Simon has done well in his studies，he still works really hard.

A.Although B.Because C.Unless D.When

5.[新疆乌鲁木齐]Some people won't realize the importance of their friendship _____ they lose it.

A.after B.when C.until D.as

6.[湖北荆州] — Alice，how do your parents like pop music？

— _____ my dad _____ my mum likes it.They both prefer Beijing Opera.

A.Either；or B.Neither；nor

C.Not only；but also D.Both；and

7.[青海考题] He was _____ crazy about rock music _____ he almost spent all his free time listening to it.

A.too ...to B.so ...that C.both ...and

8.[陕西考题] I didn't accept his help _____ I wanted to try it myself.

A.because B.though C.until D.unless

9.[福建泉州] _____ Jane _____ Peter is warm-hearted.They're popular with our class.

A.Both，and B.Not only，but also C.Neither，nor

10.[河北考题] Victories，hurry up！_____ we can't arrive there on time.

A.Or B.So C.But D.And

11.[山东青岛] Rules are helpful to us，_____ we have to follow them.

A.so B.but C.or D.because

12.[湖南衡阳] I have two tickets for TF boys' concert._____ you _____ he can go with me.

A.Either；or B.Neither；nor C.Both；and

13.[山东潍坊] _____ Jack was a little disappointed，he still went on with his work.

A.Although B.Because C.Since D.If

14.[天津考题] My family always go somewhere interesting _____ the holiday begins.

A.as soon as B.so C.so that D.even though

15.[安徽考题] Our world will get better and better _____ each of us lives a greener life.

A.before B.if C.though D.until

16.[山东滨州] Life is like a mirror._____ you smile at it，it will smile back.

A.Unless B.When C.Until D.Though

【答案速递】

1.A 2.A 3.A 4.A 5.C 6.B 7.B 8.A 9.B 10.A 11.A 12.A 13.A 14.A 15.B 16.B