用一个句子作定语,这个句子就叫定语从句。定语从句通常紧靠在它所修饰的名词或代词后面。定语从句相当于一个形容词,用来修饰名词、代词或句子。
17-3 关系代词的用法
关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。关系代词的三个作用:代替先行词,在定语从句中作某种成分,连接先行词与定语从句。引导定语从句的关系代词有who,whom,whose,that,which。
1.关系代词who,whom的用法
关系代词who和whom用来指人。先行词是表示人的名词或代词,在从句中作主语时用关系词who,作宾语时用关系词whom或who。在现代英语中常常用who代替whom。如:
This is the man who helped me yesterday.这就是昨天帮助我的那个人。(作主语)
The teacher who/whom you want to see is coming.你要见的老师来了。(作see的宾语)
注意:
①关系词在从句中作宾语时,常常被省略。如:
The man you talked about is our headmaster.你们谈论的那个人是我们的校长。
②介词后的宾语只能用关系词whom,不可用关系词who。如:
The man to whom you spoke just now is an actor.刚才和你说话的那个人是个演员。
2.关系代词that的用法
关系代词that既可用来指人,也可用来指物,指人时可代替关系词who、whom,指物时可代替关系词which。that在从句中可作主语或宾语,还可作表语;作宾语或表语时可省略;作介词宾语时,介词不可提到that之前,否则需要用关系词who或which替代。如:
Who is the person that/who is making the lecture?正在做演讲的那个人是谁?
Who is the man that/whom they are talking about?他们正在谈论的那个人是谁?
You can never get the time that/which is lost.你永远也找不回来失去的时间。
3.关系代词which的用法
关系代词which用来指物,在从句中作主语、宾语。which引导定语从句有时可以与that互换使用;作宾语时可以省略。如:
Here is the coat which/that will be made to you.这是一件做给你的衣服。(作主语)
This is the factory (which/that )we visited last year.这就是我们去年参观的那家工厂。(作visited的宾语,可以省略)
4.关系代词whose的用法
关系代词whose通常用来指人,但有时也可指物,在定语从句中作定语,而且不能省略;whose指物时可以与of which互换使用。如:
I met a boy whose father was an astronaut.我认识一位男孩,他的父亲是宇航员。(作定语)
The tree whose leaves are red was planted last year.那棵红色叶子的树是去年栽的。
He has a book whose cover (=the cover of which)is very beautiful.他有一本封面非常漂亮的书。