[深化认知]
一、人称代词的四点注意
1.人称代词有主格和宾格之分，主格在句中通常作主语，宾格在句中作宾语、表语和同位语等成分。
主格 I you he she it we you they 宾格 me you him her it us you them Tom is a student. He works very hard.
Tom是一名学生，他学习非常努力。
He has a dog to keep him company.
他有一条狗陪伴他。
2.人称代词指代的数前后要一致。
The students must be made to understand how important each subject is to them.(them指代the students)
必须使学生明白每门功课对他们来说多么重要。
3.句中没有谓语动词或在句中与动词不定式连用，人称代词常用宾格。
—I'd like to go to climb the mountain this weekend.
—Me too.
——这个周末我想去爬山。
——我也想去。
What! Me (to) play chess with him? No!
什么!让我和他下国际象棋?不要!
4.在比较级的句子中，than, as后用主格、宾格皆可。
To tell the truth, Lucy is more qualified for the job than she/her.
说实话，露西比她适合这份工作。
Not having heard of it before, Tom is as surprised as he/him.
以前没听说过这件事，汤姆和他一样吃惊。
二、物主代词的四大常识
1.物主代词分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词，形容词性物主代词在句中通常作定语，名词性物主代词在句中可作主语、宾语和表语等成分。
形容词性物主代词 my our his her its their your 名词性物主代词 mine ours his hers its theirs yours The students are doing their homework.
学生们在做作业。
Your room is big while mine is small.
你的房间大，而我的房间小。
2.形容词性物主代词不与a, an, this, that, these, some, any, several, no, each, such, another等词同时修饰一个名词，但在双重所有格中可同时修饰一个名词。
a friend of mine 我的一个朋友
each sister of his 他的每一个姐姐
3.介词+the+身体部位，此处不能用形容词性物主代词代替the。
The policewoman took the thief by the arm.
那个女警察抓住了小偷的胳膊。
4.当物主代词与all和both连用时，必须放在all和both之后。
With all their homework finished, the children went home happily.
做完所有的作业后，孩子们高高兴兴地回家了。
三、反身代词的三种句法功能
反身代词包括oneself, himself, herself, itself, themselves, yourself, yourselves, myself, ourselves，在句中可作宾语、表语和同位语等成分。
1.作宾语
(1)常用在to, by, for, of, in, between, among等介词后。
You shouldn't keep the story to yourself.
你不应该独享这个故事。(to oneself“独自享用”)
You shouldn't leave the child by himself at home.
你不应把孩子独自留在家里。(by oneself“独自”)
One should not live only for oneself.
人不应该单为自己而活。(for oneself“为自己”)
We don't need to call him; he will wake up of himself.
我们没必要叫他，他自己会醒的。(of oneself“自动地”)
(2)用来构成固定搭配
devote oneself to 致力于
dress oneself 自己穿衣
enjoy oneself 过得愉快
boast oneself 自夸
help oneself to 随便吃，随便用
hide oneself 把自己藏起来
make yourself at home 不拘束
say to oneself 心里想
seat oneself 坐下
teach oneself 自学
come to oneself 苏醒
behave oneself 表现得体，有礼貌
apply oneself 致力于
2.作表语、同位语
用于be, feel, seem, look等后作表语，表示身体或精神处于正常状态;用作同位语时，主要用于加强被修饰词的语气，可紧跟在被修饰名词后或句末。
I am not feeling myself today, not serious, though.
我今天不太舒服，但不严重。
(2013·全国卷Ⅱ写作)I made them myself with red silk threads, cloth and other materials.
它们是我自己用红丝线、布条和其他材料制成的。
四、几组常见代词的辨析
1.both, all, either, any, neither, none
都 任何 都不 两者 both either neither 三者或三者以上 all any none (2013·山东高考单选)I've lived in New York and Chicago, but don't like either of them very much.
我在纽约和芝加哥住过，但它们中的任何一个我都不喜欢。
Because Henry and Mark had to work, neither of them came yesterday.
因为亨利和马克要工作，所以昨天两人都没来。
My brother would like to buy a good watch but none was available from that shop.
我哥哥想买一块好表，但是在那家店里没有一块合适的。
2.it, that, one, those
it 特指前面提到过的同一个人或者物 that 可以指代前面出现过的不可数名词或单数可数名词，指代单数可数名词相当于the one。其复数形式为those，相当于the ones one 指代前面出现过的那类事物中的“一个”，其复数形式为ones those 指“the+名词复数(尤其是有后置定语时)” I like this house with a beautiful garden in front, but I don't have enough money to buy it.
我喜欢这座前面有花园的房子，但是我没有足够的钱来买它。
(2013·辽宁高考单选)To her joy, Della earned first the trust of her students and then that of her colleagues.
令黛拉高兴的是，她首先赢得了她的学生的信任，然后又赢得了同事的信任。
We have various summer camps for your holidays. You can choose one based on your own interests.
我们为你们的假期准备了各种各样的夏令营，你们可以根据自己的兴趣选择一个。
Studying Wendy's menu, I found that many of the items are similar to those of McDonald's.
研究了温迪的菜单，我发现其中很多东西和麦当劳的相似。
3. other, the other, another, others, the others
other 不能单独使用，只能修饰名词，表示泛指意义 the other 可单独使用，特指两个人或物中的“另一个”;常与one连用，构成one ...the other ...“一个……另一个……”，也可修饰名词表示“另外的……” another 可单独使用，也可修饰名词，泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中的“另一个”，代替或修饰单数可数名词。另外another后可接“基数词/few+复数名词”形式，表示“另外的……(多少)” others 单独使用，表示泛指意义，意为“其他的人或事物”，常与some一起出现 the others 意为“剩余的一些” Neither side is prepared to talk to the other unless we can smooth things over between them.
除非我们能够消除他们之间的矛盾，否则他们双方都不打算与对方讲话。
(2014·浙江高考阅读D)I sat on the edge of the street and watched enviously the other boys on the block play baseball.
我坐在街道旁，羡慕地看着其他男孩在街上打棒球。
Never will they give up the courage to have another try.
他们从来没有放弃再次尝试的勇气。
Being annoyed with others easily will be harmful to your health, so keep a goodtempered character all the time.
易发脾气对健康有害，所以要一直保持好脾气。
4.none, nothing, no one/nobody
none 既指人也指物，后面可接of短语，一般用来回答how many, how much和which的提问 nothing 只指事物，后面不能接of短语，用来回答what的提问 no one/nobody 只指人不指物，其后不接of短语，一般回答who的提问 Some people would rather ride bikes as bike riding has none of the troubles of taking buses.
有些人宁愿骑自行车，因为骑自行车没有乘坐公共汽车的麻烦。
Nothing in the world can delight me so much as having hamburgers in fast food restaurants.
世界上没有什么比到快餐店吃汉堡包更令我高兴的了。
With no one to turn to in such a frightening situation, she felt very helpless.
由于在这么恐怖的环境中无人可以求助，她感到非常无助。
五、it的用法
1.指天气、时间、距离、环境等。
It often rains here in summer.(表示天气)
这里夏天经常下雨。
It is twenty miles from here to the village.(表示距离)
从这里到那个村庄有20英里路。
2.代替前面提过的事物。
—What's in the picture?
—It is a cat.
——图画里是什么?
——是一只猫。
3.当说话者不清楚或没必要知道说话对象的性别时，也可用it来表示。
Someone is knocking at the door. Who can it be?
有人在敲门。有可能是谁呢?
4.用作形式主语或形式宾语，代替不定式、动名词或从句。常用于下列句型：
(1)it作形式主语的常用句型：
①It+be+adj./n. (+for/of sb.)+不定式
It is important for us to know our limitations.
对于我们来说知道我们的局限性是很重要的。
②It is no good/no use/useless doing sth.
It is no use crying over the spilt milk.
覆水难收。
③It's (well) worth doing ...
④It+be+名词词组(a pity/a fact/no wonder/...)/adj.+that从句
It is a pity that you failed to pass the driving test.
真遗憾你没通过驾照考试。
⑤It+特殊动词(seems/appears/turned out/occurred to sb./...)+that从句
(2014·陕西高考任务型阅读)Suddenly it occurred to Majorcans that the island no longer belonged to them.
马略卡岛上的人们忽然意识到这个岛屿不再属于他们。
⑥It+be+过去分词+that从句
It is reported that a terrible earthquake happened in this area.
据报道，该地区发生了一次可怕的地震。
⑦It+takes/took+(sb.) some time/some money to do sth.
It took the baby an hour or so to calm down.
小宝宝闹了大约一小时才平静下来。
(2)it作形式宾语的常用句型：
①主语+think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep ...+it+adj./n. (+for/of sb.)+to do/that从句
(2015·江苏高考写作)What's worse, some drivers, cyclists and pedestrians do not think it vital to obey traffic rules.
更糟的是，一些司机、骑自行车者和行人不认为遵守交通规则重要。
②主语+think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep ...+it+useless/worth/worthwhile/no use/no good/a waste of time (money/energy ...)+doing ...
I feel it a waste of time discussing the thing with him.
我觉得和他讨论这件事是在浪费时间。
③主语+think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep ...+it+important/necessary/natural/essential+that ... (should) do ...
I believe it necessary that you (should) go over your homework before you hand it in.
我认为你有必要在交作业之前先检查一遍。
5.用于like, enjoy, hate, love, appreciate等表示喜欢、情感的动词以及depend on/upon, see to等动词短语后，再接when, if, that等引导的从句。
I'd appreciate it if you would give me the opportunity. I'm looking forward to your early reply.
如果你给我机会我会感激不尽，盼望你早日答复。
You may depend on it that they will be there in time.
你不用怀疑，他们会及时到达那里。
[典题在线]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.(2015·全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)A few hours before, I'd been at home in Hong Kong, with its (it) choking smog.
2.(2015·天津高考单选)The quality of education in this small school is better than that in some larger schools.
3.(2015·福建高考单选)The research group produced two reports based on the survey, but neither contained any useful suggestions.
4.(2015·陕西高考单选)To warm himself, the sailor sat in front of the fire rubbing one bare foot against the other.
5.(2015·四川高考单选)Niki is always full of ideas, but none is useful to my knowledge.
6.(2015·重庆高考单选)The meeting will be held in September, but nobody knows the date for sure.
7.(2014·大纲卷单选)—Who's that at the door?
—It is the milkman.
8.(2014·辽宁高考语法填空)Raise your leg and let it stay in the air for seconds.
9.(2014·山东高考单选)Susan made it clear to me that she wished to make a new life for herself.
10.(2014·陕西高考单选)I'd appreciate it if you could let me know in advance whether or not you will come.
11.(2014·福建高考单选)In some countries, people eat with chopsticks, while in others,_knives and forks.
12.(2014·安徽高考单选)You can ask anyone for help. Everyone here is willing to lend you a hand.
13.(2012·广东高考语法填空)“Do you need those glasses for medical reasons?”The teacher asked ...Then he took them off, gave a big smile and said, “That's cool.”
14.(上海高考单选)If our parents do everything for us children, we won't learn to depend on ourselves .
Ⅱ.单句改错
1.(2015·全国卷Ⅰ短文改错)We must find ways to protect your environment.your→our
2.(2015·陕西高考短文改错)My soccer coach retired last week. I wanted to do anything special for him at his retirement party.anything→something
3.(2014·陕西高考短文改错)My uncles immediately jumped up and shot their arrows at the bird. Neither of the arrows hit the target.Neither→None
4.We can stay there for a few days and visit some relatives of me.me→mine
5.There is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.There→It
6.Some of us carried the apples to the truck, and other put the baskets onto the truck.other→others
7.We asked John and Jerry, but both of them could offer a satisfactory explanation.both→neither
8.Some college teachers who teach three classes consider themselves less successful than that who teach only one or two, or none in all.that→those
9.There is a No.2 trolley bus and a No.24 bus; any will take you there.any→either
10.We had to do the washing, cleaning and shopping by us.us→ourselves
[深化认知]
一、基数词的用法
1.表示在某人几十岁时，用“in one's+逢十的基数词的复数形式”，如in his twenties“在他二十几岁时”，in his thirties“在他三十几岁时”，in his forties“在他四十几岁时”，但“十几岁”不可表示为tens，而要说成teens，指13岁至19岁。
He looked quite healthy though he was in his seventies.
虽然他七十多岁了，但他看上去很健康。
2.用表示年份的阿拉伯数字加s/'s或用逢十的基数词的复数表示年代，用early, mid和late分别表示某一年代的初期、中期和晚期。
in the early 1920s/1920's 在20世纪20年代初期
in the early twenties 在20年代初期
in the mideighties 在80年代中期
in the late 1980's 在20世纪80年代晚期
[名师指津] 通常用逢整“十”的基数词的复数形式来表示某人的大约年岁或世纪中的年代，与物主代词或冠词连用，表示年龄时用物主代词one's，表示世纪和年代时用定冠词the。
3.用在another, all, such之后，more, other等之前。
He stayed in China for another ten years.
他又在中国住了十年。
Such a dictionary is enough.
这样一本字典就足够了。
二、序数词的构成和用法
1.序数词的构成：一般在基数词后加th。注意以下特殊变化：
(1)one→first, two→second, three→third, five→fifth, eight→eighth, nine→ninth, twelve→twelfth，其中first, second, third的缩写形式分别为1st, 2nd, 3rd。
(2)以y结尾的基数词，将y改为i，再加eth，如：twenty→twentieth, fifty→fiftieth, ninety→ninetieth。
2.序数词表示编号、顺序时，放在名词前，同时要使用定冠词对其进行修饰。此处，“名词(首字母往往大写)+基数词”也可表示编号。
the first lesson=Lesson 1 第一课
the second part=Part 2 第二部分
3.注意下列情况序数词前冠词的使用。
(1)表示“再，又”时，用不定冠词。
He cast his net a second time.
他又撒了一次网。
[名师指津] 序数词前加冠词a/an, the的意义区别：
序数词前用the时，表特指，表次第;序数词前用a/an时，表泛指，表示次第在原有基础上的增加。如a third含有“再一”的意思，the third的意思是“第三个”。如：
I want to eat a third egg.
我想再吃一个鸡蛋。(含有“已经吃了两个”的意思)
I want to eat the third egg.
我想吃第三个鸡蛋。(有可能第一、第二个是别人吃的)
(2)表示考试或比赛等的名次时，通常省略定冠词。
She was (the) third in the exam.
她考试得了第三名。
(3)序数词用作副词时，其前不用冠词。
First come, first served.
先来的先接待。
(4)序数词前已有指示代词、形容词性物主代词、名词所有格、every等作定语时，不用定冠词。
I got a beautiful skirt on my fifteenth birthday.
在我15岁生日时，我得到了一条漂亮的裙子。
(5)序数词用在由“序数词+名词”构成的形容词中时，其前不用定冠词。
There is a fivestar hotel over there.
那儿有一家五星级的宾馆。
(6)在一些固定短语中序数词前不加冠词。
at first (起初), at last (最后), first of all (首先，第一), from first to last (自始至终), at first sight (初次见面时), second to none (首屈一指的), on second thought(s) (又一想，转念一想)
三、使用数词时应注意的问题
1.表示“增加或减少了……”时，用“by+倍数/百分数”;而表示“增加或减少到……”时，用“to+基数词”。
Last year the price of daily necessities went up by 15 percent.
去年日用品的价格上涨了15%。
In their school the number of students who have poor eyesight increases to 400.
在他们学校，近视的学生的数量增加到了400。
2.数词与名词构成的形容词作定语放在名词前时，名词与数词之间要加连字符。
It's a fiveminute walk from the library to the playground.
从图书馆到操场步行要五分钟。
3.表示时间、距离时，可以用含数词的名词短语的所有格形式作定语。
five days' holiday 五天的假期
two hours' drive 两小时的车程
4.hundred, thousand, million, dozen, score的用法
(1)当这些词与具体数字连用时，不加复数词尾s，后面也不接介词of。但score这个词特殊，其后可加of也可不加of。
I want three score (of) eggs.
我要60个鸡蛋。
(2)当这些词不与具体数字连用，表示不确定的数目时，其后要加复数词尾s及介词of，才能接名词。若不接名词，则不加介词of。
I've read it dozens of times.
我读过它几十次。
(3)当这些词与a few, several, many等表示不确定数的词连用时，带不带复数词尾s均可，但是要注意：若不带复数词尾s，其后的介词of可以省略;若带复数词尾s，则其后的介词of不能省略。
There I saw several hundreds of foreign guests.
=There I saw several hundred foreign guests.
在那儿我见到了数百位外宾。
(4)当这些词后面的名词被the, these, those等表示特指的限定词修饰时，或其后接的是us, them等人称代词时，其后必须加介词of。
two dozen of them 它们中的两打
five hundred of the workers 这些工人中的五百人
5.“every+数词+名词”表示“每/每隔……”的用法
(1)“every+基数词+可数名词复数”意为“每……(基数词所表示的数目)，每隔……(基数词所表示的数目减1)”。
If I work in the garden, I have to sit down and rest every five minutes.
如果我在园子里劳动，我每5分钟/每隔4分钟就得坐下来休息。
(2)“every+序数词+可数名词单数”意为“每……(序数词对应的基数词)，每隔……(序数词对应的基数词减1)”。
He sees Ann every third week.
他每三周/每隔两周见安一次。
(3)表示“每……，每隔……”时，还可以用以下表达形式：
①every+few+可数名词复数“每隔几……”(需注意：此处few不能用a few)。
②every+other+可数名词单数(=every second+可数名词单数=every two+可数名词复数)“每两……，每隔一……”。
[典题在线]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.There are hundreds (hundred) of people in the hall.
2.He became a professor in his thirties (thirty).
3.(2016·成都一模)It was in the 1960s.
4.(2016·太原五中模拟)The second is what I really need.
5.We've tried it three times.Must we try it a fourth time?
6.In the 1870's when Marx was already in his fifties，he found it important to study the situation in Russia, so he began to learn Russian.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1.There were hundred of people on the beach.hundred→hundreds
2.There I saw several hundreds foreign guests.在hundreds后面加of
3.(2016·云南毕业班统考)Two hundreds students went there.hundreds→hundred
4.The bottle had been about threequarter full then.threequarter→threequarters
对点集训即时巩固·提升知能
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.(2016·黄山七校联考)I've always wanted an iPhone 6 and I've just saved enough money to buy one.
2.(2016·济南高三模拟)—Can I ask you a few straightforward questions about yourself?
—Sure. I like it when people are open and direct.
3.The cultural background of China is totally different from that of the US.
4.There are two roads leading to the power station along the river. You can take either of the roads.
5.(2016·辽宁省五校协作体高三联考)—Would you like to go shopping with me on Saturday or Sunday?
—I'm sorry. Neither will suit me. I'll be away on business during that period.
6.If none of you is against the plan, we will carry it out immediately.
7.(2016·太原质检)—Will you take these shoes?
—No, they don't fit me. Show me some others.
8.She provided all sorts of services, but none of them met with Harry's requirements.
9.Millions (million) of dollars have gone into the building of this factory.
10.Today is my grandfather's sixtieth (sixty) birthday.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1.(2016·四川德阳诊断)I wonder if you can tell me something about myself, your family and daily school.myself→yourself
2.Please pay more attention to the related information of the contest and take an active part in them on time.them→it
3.(2016·海口高三调研)Do you want to know why we moved last week?Dad lost his job, and as Mom explained, “He was lucky to find other one.”other→another
4.Having been in the city for so a long time, we were so happy to go to the countryside.第一个so→such
5.However, there are problems with this method. Sometimes we may find difficult to follow the teacher and some slow learners may even give up learning English.find后加it
6.My first tour was terrible. The old bus was not airconditioned, and it was in the middle of summer, so that was really uncomfortable to be inside the bus.that→it
7.I sincerely hope you can give us a chance. I'm looking forward to your early reply.us→me
8.(2016·东北三省四市联考)I apologized and controlled me at my best till the dinner started.me→myself_
9.Three quarter of the students have passed the exam.quarter→quarters
Ⅲ.语法填空
(2016·石家庄高三质检)What on earth does happiness mean? I can't give you its exact definition, but I'm sure if you love and help 1.others,_you'll get it.
I'll never forget an old lady. She lives in 2.a small house alone. It's said that her husband and her son died in a road accident years ago. Her life is bitter, but she often helps others with a smile. Whenever it snows, she is always the 3.first (one) to clean the paths.
She looks after several children living nearby. I am one of them. I often remember the stories she told us and her kind smiles. Perhaps she is unlucky, but I think she is a happy person. Her life is full of laughter and love.
But I'm sad to see some people getting their happiness 4.in bad ways. They talk 5.noisily (noisy) in cinemas and meeting rooms; they destroy trees to enjoy 6.themselves and they laugh at others' shortcomings. Perhaps they feel happy at that time, 7.but they will never get true happiness because they 8.have_lost (lose) their personality already.
Now I know what happiness is. 9.It means kindness, love and unselfishness. Above all, I have come to understand that 10.bringing (bring) happiness to others is making ourselves happy.
