六、现在完成时
1.基本用法
（1）表示现在为止刚刚完成的动作。
He has bought a new car recently.他最近买了辆新车。
I haven’t heard from Jane lately.我最近没收到珍妮的信。
（2）表示过去开始持续到现在的动作或状态。
I have collected coins for many years.我收集硬币有很多年了。
George has been in business since he finished college.乔治大学毕业之后就一直经商。
I have studied English since 2005.我从2005年起就学习英语。
Up to now，the work has been easy.到现在为止这工作还算容易。
2.现在完成时常用状语
recently 近来 lately 最近 so far/up till/until now 到目前为止
in recent years 在最近几年里 in the past/last few years 在过去的几年里
3.延续性动词和非延续性动词
（1）延续性动词：可与for，since引导的状语连用。
drink 喝 eat 吃 fly 飞 have 有 keep 保持 know 知道
lie 躺着 live 住 play 玩 rain 下雨 read 读 run 跑
sing 喝 sleep 睡觉 smoke 抽烟 snow 下雪 stand 站 talk 说
wait 等 walk 走 wear 穿 work 工作
We’ve lived here since 1990.从1990年起我们就在这里住了。
I’ve known him for many years.我认识他有许多年了。
He has been here for a week.他已来了一个星期。
I have learned English since I came here.自从我来到这儿就学英语了。
（2）非延续性动词：不能与for，since引导的状语连用。
admit 承认 arrive 到达 begin 开始 borrow 借 buy 买 break 打破
close 关闭 come 来 die 死 fall 倒 go 走 hit 击中
join 加入 jump 跳 leave 离开 lose 丢 marry 结婚 open 打开
put 放 start 开始 stop 停
He has always gone to work by bike.他总是骑自行车上班。
I’ll go to bed when I’ve finished my homework.我做完作业后就上床睡觉。
The ship has just arrived from Tanzania.这艘轮船刚从坦桑尼亚到达这里。
Has your brother left school yet？ 你兄弟已经毕业了吗？
（3）相互替代的延续性动词和非延续性动词
续表
The old man died 4 years ago.老人四年前去世的。（非延续性）
The old man has been dead for 4 years.（延续性）
He joined the Party 2 years ago.两年前他入党了。（非延续性）
He has been in the Party for 2 years.（延续性）
I bought the book 5 days ago.五天前我买的这本书。（非延续性）
I have had the book for 5 days.（延续性）
（4）have gone to 与have been to的区别
He has been to Paris three times.他去过巴黎三次了。
He has gone to Paris now.他现在去巴黎了。
【提示】 后接here，there，home等地点副词时，要省略to。
I have been here only once.我只去过一次。
He’s gone home already.他已经回家了。
4.现在完成时的常用句式
（1）in/for/during the past/last ...years，意为“在过去……年中”。
In the past two years I’ve seen him little.过去两年我很少见到他。
I have been here （for）the last/past month.最近一个月里我都在这儿。
（2）It’s/will be the first time that ...have done ...，意为“第一次……”。
It’s the first time I’ve come here.这是我第一次来这儿。
It is the third time that I have visited your beautiful city.
这是我第三次参观你们这座美丽的城市了。
Don’t forget，it’ll be the first time I’ve spoken in public.
别忘了，这是我第一次在公共场合发言。
（3）主语+is+the+形容词最高级+名词+that+have done ...
She is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen in my life.
她是我这辈子看过的最美丽的女孩。
【比较】
①That’s the most interesting book （that）I’ve ever read.（从句用现在完成时）
②That was the most interesting book （that）I had ever read.（从句用过去完成时）5.现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
（1）一般过去时纯属过去的事情；现在完成时表示动作发生在过去对现在的影响。
I’ve lived here for ten years.我在这里住了10年。（现在仍住这儿）
I lived here for ten years.我在这里住过10年。（现在不住这儿了）
He bought a house ten years ago.十年前他买了栋房子。（现在不一定有房子）
He has bought a house.他已经买了栋房子。（他现在有房子）
He was a teacher then.他那时是个教师。（他曾经当过老师）
He has been a teacher since then.他从那时起一直当教师。（他现在还是教师）
（2）现在完成时不用于when引导的特殊疑问句中，但可与where，why等疑问词连用。
When did the train leave？ 火车什么时候开的？（一般过去时）
Where have you been？ 你去哪里了？（现在完成时）
Why has he gone to Australia？ 他为何去了澳大利亚？（现在完成时）
【辨析】你什么时候和他首次见面的？
【误】When have you first met him？
【正】When did you first meet him？
（3）表示过去的时间状语不用于现在完成时，只能用于一般过去时。
She lived here two years ago.两年前她住在这里。
He has been in the League for three years.他入团已经三年了。
Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.昨晚汤姆给他的父母写了封信。
【辨析】她两年前就住在这里了。
【误】She has lived here two years ago.
【正】She has lived here since two years ago.
