4. 表示伴随状况：

-ed分词结构作状语表示伴随状况时，没有适当的分句可替换。

11) ______________ was not incorporated as a city until almost two centuries later, in 1834.

[A] Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch

[B] The Dutch settled Brooklyn

[C] Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch

[D] Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn

解析：D为正确答案。从上下文看，空档处的主语应是表示要点的名词(“as a city”)，那么A不对;B和C都是一分句，而空档后是谓语部分，它们不作为正确选项。

12) Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, __________ completely to the outside world.

[A] being lost

[B] having lost

[C] losing

[D] lost

解析：D为正确答案。