1.4.1 单词
担任句子成分的,在很多情况下都是单词,可作任何成分:
We are proud of our country. 我们为我们的国家感到骄傲。
(主语) (表语) (定语)
Charles faxed the plans to us. 查尔斯把计划用传真发给了我们。
(主语)(谓语) (宾语)(介词宾语)
有时可用成语动词作谓语,作用和单个动词一样:
What are you looking for? 你在找什么?
I'll take care of it. 我来处理这事。
动词有时和助动词或情态动词一起用,构成动词短语,如上面两句中的斜体部分。
1.4.2 短语
句子也有很多成分可用短语(Phrases)担任。最常用的短语有:
1) 动词短语(Verbal Phrases):
What have you been doing? 你一直在干什么?
We had better go there by boat. 我们最好坐船到那里。
2) 不定式短语(Infinitive Phrases):
It's time to go to bed. 该睡觉了。
She loved to play the piano. 她喜欢弹钢琴。
3) 动名词短语(Gerundial Phrases):
His major interest is painting pictures. 他的主要兴趣是画画。
I enjoy working with you. 我喜欢和你们一道工作。
4) 分词短语(Participial Phrases):
There's a freeway connecting the two cities. 有一条高速公路把两座城市连接起来。
Is there anything planned for tonight ? 今晚安排什么活动了吗?
5)介词短语(Prepositional Phrases):
The boys went swimming in the river. 男孩子们到河里游泳。
Who are you talking to on the phone? 你在电话里和谁交谈?
6)名词短语(Noun Phrases):
Thanks a lot. 非常感谢。
Wait a minute. 等一会儿。
1.4.3 从句
还有些成分由类似句子的主谓结构担任,称为从句(Clause),它们有下面几类:
1) that引导的从句,称为that-从句(that-clause),that有时可以省略:
I admitted that I'd been wrong. 我承认我错了。
I'm sorry (that) I'm late. 对不起我来晚了。
2) 连接代词或副词引导的从句,可称为wh-从句(wh-clauses),因为引导的词多由wh-开头:
Do you know who he is? 你知道他是谁吗?
He wasn't sure whether he ought to laugh or cry. 他感到啼笑皆非。
3) 关系代词型的what引导的从句(详见第5.5.3节):
That's what I want to know. 这正是我想知道的。
Write down what you want to say. 把你想说的话写下来。
4) 由各种连词引导的从句:
Send me a postcard when you get there. 到那里时给我寄张明信片来。
You may stay with us if you like. 如果你愿意可以住我们这儿。
5) 由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句,可称为关系从句,也可称为定语从句(详见第5.6.1—5.6.5节,第15.1.6节):
The girl who won the prize is my cousin. 获奖的姑娘是我表妹。
That's the town where I was born. 这就是我出生的城市。
随着在句中的作用不同,从句也可分为:
●主语从句(Subject Clause)
●宾语从句(Object Clause)
●表语从句(Predicative Clause)
●定语从句(Attributive Clause)
●状语从句(Adverbial Clause)
●同位语从句(Appositive Clause)
关于句子结构,后面再作详细讨论。