12.2 动名词的用法
12.2.1 动名词概说
动词的-ing形式在起名词作用时，称为动名词，动名词在句中可以：
1) 用作主语：
Dancing bored him. 跳舞使他厌烦。
2) 用作表语：
Her hobby is collecting stamps. 她的爱好是集邮。
3) 用作宾语：
Please stop talking. 请不要说话了。
4) 用作介词宾语：
He was arrested for smuggling. 他因走私而被捕。
5) 构成合成词：
Who won the singing contest? 歌咏比赛谁赢了？
还可用在下面这类句子中：
No smoking. 禁止吸烟。
No loitering. 不许在此逗留。
No spitting. 禁止吐痰。
No parking. 禁止泊车。
作为动词，它也有几种形式：
它也可以有它的宾语（a）或状语（b）：
a. He was fond of playing tennis. 他喜欢打网球。
b. She is thinking of going home this summer. 她想今年夏天回家。
它还可以用一个代词或名词所有格表示其逻辑上的主语：
He disliked her working late. 他不喜欢她工作到很晚。
用名词所有格显得比较文气，在口语中常把's省略掉：
I don't remember my mother's talking about it. （较文气的说法）
I don't remember my mother talking about it. （较口语化的说法）
有些动名词已变得接近名词或已变成名词，它们可有复数形式（a），前面可加冠词（b），甚至有定语修饰（c）：
a. Dickens often gave readings of his works. 狄更斯常常朗读自己的作品。
b. Who did the cooking? 谁做的饭？
c. I always enjoy a little light reading. 我一向喜欢读点轻松的东西。
这些可称为名词化动名词（Verbal Nouns）。有些以-ing结尾的词已完全变成名词：
He could not analyze his feelings. 他没法分析自己的感情。
Take good care of your belongings. 注意保管好你的东西。
12.2.2 动名词作主语和表语
1) 动名词可用作主语：
Reading French is easier than speaking it. 阅读法文比讲法语容易。
Talking to him is talking to a wall. 和他说话等于对牛弹琴。
Finding work is difficult these days. 现今找工作不容易。
Smoking may cause cancer. 吸烟会致癌。
Walking is my sole exercise. 散步是我唯一的运动。
To her, windsurfing is too dangerous. 在她看来冲浪太危险。
Growing roses is her hobby. 种玫瑰是她的爱好。
Gambling is forbidden in our country. 我国禁止赌博。
Sailing a boat is great fun. 驾驶帆船很有意思。
Talking mends no holes. （谚）空谈无济于事。
2) 有时可用先行词it作主语，而把动名词主语放到句子后部去，作表语的可以是形容词（a），也可以是名词（b）：
a. It's nice seeing you again. 再次见到你太好了。
It's hopeless arguing about it. 争辩这事没有用。
Is it worthwhile quarrelling with her? 和她吵架值得吗？
It was pleasant and comfortable sitting there. 坐在那里惬意舒适。
It was tiring driving from morning till night. 从早到晚开车很累人。
b. It's a wonder meeting you here. 在这里碰到你真是奇迹。
It's no good coming before that. 在那之前来没有用。
It's no use asking me. I don't know any more than you do. 问我没用，我知道的不比你多。
It's been a lot of fun staying here. 住在这里很有意思。
It was a waste of time reading that book. 看那本书是浪费时间。
3)“There is＋no”后可以用动名词作主语，表示“没法…”：
There was no knowing what he could do. 他能做什么很难说。
There was no telling when this might happen again. 没法预料这样的事什么时候会再发生。
He's selfish, there's no denying it. 他很自私，这是不可否认的。
There was no arguing with her. 没法和她争论。
There was no mistaking in his intention. 他的意图不可能看错。
4) 动名词还可用作表语：
Her hobby is painting. 她的爱好是绘画。
Their pastime is going to movies. 他们的消遣是看电影。
Her favorite sport is skiing. 她最喜欢的运动是滑雪。
One of her duties is keeping the department files. 她的任务之一是管理部门的档案。
His favorite occupation is fishing. 他最喜欢的活动是钓鱼。
Their major amusement is raising pigeons. 他们的主要消遣是养鸽子。
Her job was tending the sheep. 她的工作是放羊。
Seeing is believing. （谚）眼见为实。
12.2.3 动名词作宾语
1) 有许多动词可用动名词作宾语：
I suggested bringing the meeting to an end. 我建议结束会议。
He admitted taking the money. 他承认钱是他拿的。
Do you enjoy teaching? 你喜欢教书吗？
Avoid over-eating. 要避免暴食。
Fancy meeting you! 真想不到在这里碰到你！
I couldn't help laughing. 我禁不住笑了起来。
He considered going to see Paul in person. 他考虑亲自去见保罗。
I detest looking at snakes. 我讨厌看蛇。
I dread going to big parties. 我害怕参加大型晚会。
He loves playing the piano. 他爱弹钢琴。
I like travelling very much. 我非常喜欢旅行。
I hate lying and cheating. 我讨厌撒谎欺骗。
It has stopped raining. 雨已经停了。
I finished reading the book last night. 这书我昨晚看完了。
He kept complaining. 他不停地抱怨。
I couldn't risk missing the train. 我不能冒搭不上火车的危险。
They're practising singing the new song. 他们在练习唱新歌。
He denied making any statement to that effect. 他否认作过这种内容的声明。
So you prefer living abroad? 这样说你更愿意住在国外？
He proposed founding a school there. 他建议在那里建一所学校。
I advised taking a different approach. 我建议采取另一种处理办法。
She continued watching me. 她继续瞧着我。
He loathed travelling by air. 他讨厌坐飞机。
Would you mind moving your car? 劳驾把车挪一下行吗？
To raise wages means increasing purchasing power. 增加工资意味着提高购买力。
He didn't recall saying it. 他不记得说过这话。
Do you recollect meeting her? 你还记得见过她吗？
He never can resist making a joke. 他总是禁不住要说笑话。
The garden needs watering. 花园需要浇水。
Your coat wants brushing. 你的大衣需要刷一下。
2) 许多成语动词也可以用动名词作宾语：
He has given up playing football. 他现在不踢足球了。
They will put off doing it until next year. 他们将推迟到明年再做此事。
Even then she carried on talking. 即使在那时，她还继续谈话。
Prices keep on increasing. 物价不断上涨。
Ned left off talking about the firm. 奈德不再谈公司的事。
She waved to me and went on sketching. 她向我挥挥手，又接着画素描。
He burst out crying like a child. 他像小孩一样突然哭了起来。
She decided to cut out smoking. 她决定戒烟。
在（be） worth后也可跟动名词作宾语：
His suggestion is worth considering. 他的建议值得考虑。
It's worth making an effort. 这值得作一番努力。
That's worth watching, isn't it? 那值得一看，对吧？
New York is a city worth visiting. 纽约是一座值得一看的城市。
3) 有些动词后可以用动名词作宾语，也可以用不定式作宾语，有时两者意思不同，如：
4) 有时两种结构只有细微的差别，例如在like，love，prefer，hate，dread等动词之后，动名词多表示一般情况，不定式多表示即将发生的事：
有时两者可以换用，意思上没有差别：
He hated thinking (to think) about it. 他不愿想这件事。
She loves having (to have) lots of young men round her. 她喜欢周围有许多青年男子。
I like reading (to read) detective stories. 我喜欢看侦探小说。
She prefers living (to live) among the office workers. 她宁愿生活在上班族中间。
5) 在begin，start，intend，continue和cease后跟动名词或不定式都可以，有时意思上没什么差别，例如：
It has started raining (to rain). 开始下雨了。
The band began playing (to play). 乐队开始演奏。
He intended coming (to come) back soon. 他打算不久就回来。
She continued working (to work) as if nothing had happened. 她继续干活，好像什么也没发生似的。
They ceased talking (to talk) and I began reading. 他们停止了交谈，我开始看书。
有时有点细微的差别，在begin，start和cease后，不定式多表示情况发生变化（a），而动名词表示有意识地开始或停止（a）：
a. Suddenly it started to rain. 天突然下起雨来。
Philip began to cry. 菲利浦哭了起来。
The matter has ceased to be a mystery to us. 这事对我们不再是个谜。
b. Then the little girl started singing. 这时那小姑娘开始唱歌。
We began making preparations for the trip. 我们开始做旅行的准备。
The factory has ceased making bicycles. 该厂已停止生产自行车。
在以-ing结尾的动词后不宜再用动名词，以避免-ing的重复：
He was beginning to miss her. 他开始惦记她。
It's starting to rain. 天开始下起雨来。
12.2.4 动名词作介词的宾语
1) 有许多由介词构成的成语动词后可以跟动名词作宾语：
She insisted on writing at once. 她坚持马上就写。
Why do you persist in writing such things? 你为什么老要写这样的东西？
Robbie couldn't keep from laughing. 罗比禁不住笑了起来。
They objected to leaving the motel. 他们反对离开这家汽车旅馆。
He thought of writing to her. 他考虑给她写信。
The young man dreamed of becoming a surgeon. 这个小伙子一心想成为一名外科医生。
I've always believed in being broad-minded. 我一向主张宽宏大量。
The plant must aim at increasing production. 工厂必须努力增加生产。
Andrew set about writing his report. 安德鲁着手写他的报告。
I don't feel like going to the movie. 我不想去看电影。
She succeeded in making a most favourable impression. 她成功地给人留下非常好的印象。
Please refrain from smoking during the performance. 演出时请勿吸烟。
Goodness consists in being honest. 善良主要在于诚实。
He never complained about working overtime. 他从不抱怨加班加点。
He was so poor that he resorted to stealing. 他穷得只能去偷。
She was looking forward to leaving the hospital wards. 她盼望离开医院病房。
2) 还有不少“be+形容词+介词”的结构后也常可用动名词作宾语：
Are you interested in going with us? 你有兴趣跟我们一道去吗？
I was afraid of making them uneasy. 我怕使他们感到不安。
He was fond of speaking French. 他很喜欢讲法语。
She is awfully good at looking after people. 她很会照顾人。
He wasn't keen on buying a car. 他并不急着想买车。
I was angry about missing the film. 没看上这部片子我很生气。
He was excited at hearing the news. 听了这消息他很激动。
We were surprised at finding the house empty. 发现房子里空无一人我们感到惊讶。
Who is responsible for locking up the school? 谁负责给学校锁门？
I'm tired of thinking about it. 想这事我已经想烦了。
He was not accustomed to associating with such people. 他不习惯于和这类人来往。
He is quite capable of neglecting his duty. 他很有可能失职。
I'm used to dealing with matters of this sort. 处理这种事我已经习惯了。
I'm sick of hearing you talk like that. 我烦听你这样说话。
I'm fed up with talking to you. 和你谈话我都谈烦了。
3) 在“及物动词＋宾语＋介词”这类结构后，也常可跟动名词作宾语：
They accused him of playing his radio too loudly. 他们指责他收音机开得太响。
He charged them with receiving stolen goods. 他指控他们收受赃物。
They suspected him of being the thief. 他们怀疑他偷盗。
Thank you for doing this job for us. 谢谢你帮我们做了这件事。
Excuse me for not answering your letter earlier. 请原谅我没早一些给你回信。
Forgive (Pardon) me for interrupting you. 请原谅我打断你的话。
Keep that child from yelling. 别让那孩子大喊大叫。
That did not prevent him from doing so. 这并没有阻止他那样做。
Nothing would stop me from achieving my ambition. 什么也不能阻止我实现我的抱负。
He dedicated his life to fighting corruption. 他毕生致力于和腐败作斗争。
Mother Teresa devoted herself to caring for the poor. 特丽莎嬷嬷献身于照顾穷人。
在How about后也常用动名词作宾语：
How about coming with us to the club? 和我们一道去俱乐部如何？
How about putting the sofa closer to the window? 把长沙发放得靠窗子近点怎么样？
4) 许多介词可以跟动名词构成状语：
Bass waited a little while before making up his mind. 巴斯稍等了一会才拿定主意。
After standing in the queue for an hour, we got two tickets. 站了一小时的队，我们买了两张票。
And, in doing so, he fell into contradictions. 在这样做时，他陷入了矛盾之中。
On reaching the city, he called up Lester. 一到达这座城市，他就给莱斯特打了电话。
I don't blame you for being cautious. 你小心谨慎我不怪你。
What has he done besides reading the paper? 除了看报他还干了什么？
Thereis nothing to gain by waiting. 坐等不会有收获。
Without waiting for any reply, he left the room. 他不等回答就离开了房间。
He had not bought a new suit since coming to Oxford. 来牛津之后他没买过一套新衣服。
She dissuaded me from doing it. 她劝我不要做那事。
5) 还有一些由介词构成的短语，后面可跟动名词作宾语：
Instead of going to New York, we got off at Boston. 我们没去纽约，而是在波斯顿下了车。
Guests can relax in the lounge prior to entering the theatre. 客人在进入剧场之前可以在休息厅放松一下。
He was afraid to speak for fear of making errors. 他怕出错而不敢讲话。
He is studying with a view to going to university. 他在学习，准备上大学。
I called in the hope of finding her at home. 我去拜访是想在她家找到她。
6) 有些介词可以和动名词构成定语：
He is good at the art of making friends. 他甚谙交友之道。
I admired his skill at driving. 我佩服他开车的技术。
He had the chance (opportunity) of visiting Beijing. 他有机会访问北京。
It's a device for opening bottles. 这是一种开瓶装置。
He invented a new process of dyeing. 他发明了一种染色新工艺。
She doesn't have much experience in dealing with children. 在对待孩子方面她经验不多。
She couldn't invent a reason for not going. 她编造不出不去的理由。
What's the advantage of using nuclear power? 利用核能有什么好处？
He advocated a new method of teaching English. 他倡导一种教英语的新方法。
I have no objection to sending him abroad. 我不反对派他出国。
I had no intention of defending myself. 我无心为自己辩护。
To whom do I have the honour of speaking? 我有幸和哪一位讲话？
I do not like her way of talking. 我不喜欢她的讲话方式。
间或介词也可和动词一道构成表语：
I'm for doing nothing till the police arrive. 我主张在警察到来之前不要采取任何行动。
I'm in the habit of reading the newspaper at breakfast. 我习惯于吃早饭时看报。
Father was against selling the property. 父亲反对出售这份产业。
Talking to him was like playing on an exquisite violin. 和他谈话就像弹奏一把美妙的提琴。
12.2.5 动名词的被动形式和完成形式
1) 动名词有时需用被动形式，可作动词的宾语（a）或介词的宾语（b）：
a. He hates being interrupted. 他不愿意被人打断。
He narrowly escaped being run over. 他差点被车压了。
I appreciate being given this opportunity. 我很感谢给了我这个机会。
I remembered being taken to Paris as a small child. 我记得小时候曾被带到巴黎。
Grace resented being called a baby. 格雷斯讨厌别人叫他小宝宝。
He just missed being caught. 他差点没被抓住。
She disliked being spoken to like that. 她不喜欢别人对她这样讲话。
We cannot help being touched by their zeal. 我们禁不住被他们的热情所打动。
b. I object to being spoken to like that. 我反对别人对我这样讲话。
He hoped to get out without being seen. 他希望不被人看见溜出来。
All laws have to be submitted to Parliament for ratification before being put into force. 所有法律在实施前均需提交议会批准。
He ran away for fear of being hurt. 他跑掉了，唯恐受到伤害。
Who can prevent their plans from being carried out? 谁能阻止他们那些计划的实现？
She is far from being pleased about it. 对此她很不满意。
I'm not used to being treated like this. 我不习惯受这种款待。
She openly talked of having been let down. 她公开谈到被人涮了。
间或也可用作主语：
It felt funny being called Grandma. 被人称作奶奶感到怪怪的。
Being lost can be a terrifying experience. 迷路有时会很害怕。
2) 动名词有时需要完成形式，可作动词的宾语（a）或介词的宾语（b）：
a. He denied having been there. 他不承认到过那里。
I could not recall having heard anyone say that before. 我不记得以前听人说过这话。
I don't recollect having seen him before. 我不记得以前见过他。
I regretted having left Montreal. 我后悔离开了蒙特利尔。
He reported having met only a cyclist. 他报告说只碰到一个骑车的人。
She admits having seen us. 她承认见到了我们。
I don't remember having heard you say that. 我不记得听你说过这话。
b. He accused me of having broken my word. 他指责我不守信用。
We congratulated him on having passed the examination. 我们祝贺他通过了考试。
He was ashamed of having failed to pass the test. 测试没通过他感到羞愧。
Don't be angry with me for not having written to you. 我没给你写信，请别生气。
After having had some practice, he decided to try again. 经过一番练习，他决定再试一次。
The safe showed no signs of having been touched. 保险柜没有被人动过的痕迹。
12.2.6 动名词的逻辑主语
动名词的逻辑主语多用一个物主代词或名词所有格表示，可用在：
a. 主语前：
Your coming to help is a great encouragement to me. 你们来帮忙对我是很大的鼓舞。
Her going off in such a hurry is very risky. 她这样匆忙离去很危险。
Jane's not having received proper training was to her disadvantage. 简没受过适当训练对她是不利的。
Your denying everything will get you nowhere. 你否认一切不会对你有好处。
It has been a great honour your coming to visit us. 你来看我们真是不胜荣幸。
It seems so strange your going like this. 你这样去显得很奇怪。
b. 宾语前：
I hate your going away. 我不愿意你走掉。
Forgive my (me) ringing you up so early. 原谅我这么早给你打电话。
You can't prevent his (him) spending his own money. 你不能阻止他花自己的钱。
I appreciate your giving me so much of your time. 感谢你为我花了这么多时间。
I don't remember my mother's complaining about it. 我不记得我母亲抱怨过这事。
She suggested his sending it to Tagore. 她建议他把它寄给泰戈尔。
Excuse my opening your letter by mistake. 请原谅我误拆了你的信。
I can still recall your saying to me that you were going to be a lawyer. 我还记得你曾对我说过你想当律师。
c. 介词宾语前：
I strongly object to your saying that. 我强烈反对你说这话。
I'm fed up with your grumbling! 你唧唧咕咕我都听烦了！
I'm not surprised at your misunderstanding me. 我并不为你误会我而感到奇怪。
I never dreamt of its hurting you. 我绝没想到它会伤你的心。
I have made no objection to his doing it. 我对他这样做没表示过反对。
There was no chance of his getting scholarships. 他没有机会得奖学金。
Since my coming to London I have not been well. 自从来到伦敦，我身体一直不舒服。
They're looking forward to Mary's coming. 他们都盼着玛丽来。
在口语中，有时用名词或人称代词宾格表示动名词的逻辑主语：
He didn't mind Flora (her) leaving home. 他不介意弗洛拉（她）离开家。
I don't remember my mother complaining about it. 我不记得我母亲曾抱怨此事。
I can't understand him (his) leaving his wife. 我不懂他为什么离开他的妻子。
He resented me (my) being promoted before him. 他怨恨我比他早升职。
12.2.7 动名词构成的合成名词
1) 许多合成名词由“动名词＋名词”构成：
swimming pool 游泳池
swimming suit 游泳衣
boxing competition 拳击比赛
speaking contest 演讲比赛
sleeping bag 睡袋
sleeping pill 安眠药片
writing desk 写字台
writing paper 信纸
diving suit 潜水衣
diving board 跳板
watering can 洒水壶
filling station 加油站
drawing board 绘图板
drawing pin 图钉
washing machine 洗衣机
washing powder 洗衣粉
fishing pole （美）钓鱼竿
fishing line 钓鱼线
drinking water 饮用水
drinking fountain 饮水台
waiting room 候车（诊）室
waiting list 候选人名单
parking lot (space) 停车场（位）
parking meter 停车计时器
checking account 活期账户
banking system 银行系统
sewing machine 缝纫机
printing-press 印刷机
hearing aid 助听器
operating table 手术台
2) 还有一类合成词由“形容词（名词）＋动名词”构成：
deep-ploughing 深耕
close-planting 密植
physical training 体育（锻炼）
job-hunting 找工作
weight lifting 举重
sight seeing 观光
window-shopping 逛商店（只看不买）
tap dancing 踢跶舞
air conditioning 空调
shadow boxing 打拳
zebra crossing 斑马纹人行横道
data processing 数据处理
food poisoning 食物中毒
family planning 计划生育
water-skiing 滑水
house-warming 乔迁酒宴
fire fighting 消防
ice-skating 滑冰
money grabbing 不择手段地捞钱
roller skating 溜旱冰
