16.3 由介词构成的成语动词和介词成语
16.3.1 由介词构成的成语动词
由介词构成的成语动词主要有两类:
1) 动词+介词:
agree with 同意(某人意见)
agree to 同意(某种安排等)
answer for 对…负责
appear for 为…出庭
ask for 要求得到(见某人等)
bank on 依靠
bear with 容忍
break with 和…断绝关系
burst into (tears) 突然(哭起来)
call for 来找(某人),要求,需要
come across 碰到
come by 得到
count on 指望
enter for 参与(比赛等)
fly into (a rage) 勃然(大怒)
get into 碰到(困难等)
get over 克服,(病)愈
get about 干(活),履行(职责等)
go after 追求
go into 调查
hang on 取决于
head for 向…前进
hit on 想起(某主意)
jump at 立即接受
keep at 继续(干某事)
keep from 避免(做某事)
live on 靠…生活
look after 照顾,照看
look for 找寻
look into 调查
make after 追赶
pass for 冒充(某人)
press for 要求
run across (into) 碰到
run into 碰到(困难)
run through 用完
see about 负责处理
see through 看破
stand by 支持
stand for 主张
stand on (ceremony)客气
stick to 坚持
touch on 提到(某问题)
wait on 招待
2) 动词+副词+介词:
back on to 背后是
boil down to 归结是
break out into 出(疹子)
brush up on 复习
come across with 讲出来
come down on 斥责
come in for 受到(批评)
come out against 表示反对
come out with 推出(产品等)
come up against 碰到
come up to 达到(水平)
come up with 提出(建议等)
cry out against 大声疾呼地反对
do away with 废除
face up to 面对
fall back on 转而依靠
fall behind with 迟迟未交(房租)
feel up to 感到想(做某事)
get away with (犯罪)不受惩罚
get down to 开始认真考虑
get on for 快到(某时)
get on with 继续进行(某事)
give on to 面对(花园等)
go back on (说了话)不遵守
go in for 从事(某项活动)
go off with 和…私奔
go through with 把…进行到底
keep up with 跟上(发展)
live up to 达到(期望)
look down on 看不起
look forward to 盼望
look out for 当心
look up to 敬重(某人)
make up for 弥补
make up to 拍…马屁
put up with 忍受
run out of 用完
run up against 碰到
stand out against 坚决反对
stand out for 坚决要求
stand up to 面对(危险等)
stick out for 坚持要求
关于成语动词可参阅7.1.6和13.3.4节及附录1。
16.3.2 介词成语
1) 除了成语动词,英语中还有大量成语由介词构成,单是一些常用介词就可构成大量成语:
at:
at a stretch 一连,连续地
at a time 一次,每次
at all costs 不惜一切代价
at all events 不管怎样
at all hazards 不顾一切危险
at any rate 不管怎样
at ease 稍息,安心
at fault 有错误
at first 最初,开始时
at first sight 一见(钟情)
at hand 不远,快到
at heart 在内心
at home 在家,随便
at large 逍遥法外,未被关注
at last 最后
at least 至少
at leisure 从容不迫地
at length 最后,详细地
at liberty 自由,有权(做某事)
at the moment 此刻
at most 至多
at once 立即,同时
at one blow (stroke)一下子
at one's fingertips 非常熟悉
at one's service 听候吩咐
at one's wit's end 计穷,没有办法
at peace (war) 处于和平(战争)状态
at play (work) 在玩耍(工作)
at present 现在,目前
at random 随意地,胡乱地
at sea 茫然,不知所措
at the earliest (latest) 至早(迟)
at the outset 从一开头
at the risk of 冒…的危险
at the same time (与此)同时
at the start 一开头
at the time 此刻,这时
at the top of one's voice 高声地
at times 有时候
at will 任意地
by:
by accident 偶然
by air 航空
by all means 想一切办法
by any chance 碰巧,恰好
by birth 出身…
by bus (plane, etc.) 坐巴士(飞机等)
by chance 偶然
by cheque 用支票
by credit card 用信用卡
by choice 出于自愿
by daylight 在大白天
by day (night) 白天(夜间)
by far 最最(修饰最高级)
by dint of 通过(下功夫)
by force 靠武力
by fits and starts 干一干停一停
by leaps and bounds 飞跃地
by hook or by crook 想一切办法
by mistake 错误地,误把…
by means of 借助
by post 邮(寄)
by no means 绝不,一点也不
by turns 轮流
by stages (degrees) 分阶段地(一步步地)
by surprise 突然,出其不意
by virtue of 由于(某些优越处)
by the way 顺便说一句
in:
in a nutshell 概括地说,总之
in a row 一连
in a sense 从某种意义上说
in accordance with 按照,根据
in addition (to) 此外(除…之外)
in advance 事前
in all 总共
in any case (event) 不管怎样,反正
in brief 简而言之
in case 要是,如果
in case of 在…情况下
in comparison 比较起来
in danger 处于危险中
in debt 负债
in demand 有需求
in depth 深入地
in detail 详细地
in doubt (对…)有怀疑
in fact 实际上
in full 全部地,全文地
in general 一般说来
in ink (pencil) 用钢笔(铅笔)写
in love 在恋爱
in no time 很快(就…)
in one's opinion 在(某人)看来
in order (disorder) 井井有条(很乱)
in order to (that) 以便,为了
in other words 换句话说
in part(s) 部分地
in person 亲自
in practice 实际上
in public (private) 公开(私下)地
in regard to 关于
in return 回过来,作为报答
in short 总之
in so far as 就…来说
in spite of 尽管
in terms of 就…来说
in that 在…方面,因为
in the course of 在…过程中
in the dark 蒙在鼓里,不知情
in the day time 在白天
in the end 最后
in the event of 如果发生(某事)
in (the) face of 在…面前
in the least 一点(也不)
in the long run 从长远来说
in the main 一般来说
in the mean time 与此同时,在此期间
in the middle of 在…中间
in time 及时地,经过一段时间
in the nick of time 正好及时
in turn 轮流
in vain 白白地,没有结果
in view of 考虑到…
on:
on account of 由于
on approval 允许退货
on average 平均
on behalf of 代表(某人)
on board 在船(飞机)上
on business 出差,办事
on condition 在…条件下
on credit 赊购
on the decline 在衰退中
on the decrease 在减少中
on demand 在要求支付时
on display 展出
on duty 值班
on fire 着火
on foot 步行
on guard 有警惕,值班
on hand 在身边
on holiday 在休假
on no account 绝不
on one's chest 有心事
on one's mind 在想某事
on one's own 独立地
on purpose 故意地
on sale 在出售
on strike 罢工,罢课
on the contrary 相反
on the mend 在痊愈(改善)中
on the (tele) phone 在接(打)电话
on the point of 正要(做某事)
on the run 东跑西颠,正在逃窜
on the spot 就地
on the spur of the moment 即兴
on the way 在路上
on time 准时
on top of 在…上面
on trial 正在受审
out of:
out of action 失灵
out of breath 气喘吁吁
out of control 失去控制
out of danger 脱(离危)险
out of date 过时
out of doors 在户外
out of element 格格不入
out of fashion 不时新
out of favor 失宠
out of focus 对焦不准
out of hand 失去控制
out of humor 情绪不佳
out of keeping (with) 和…不协调
out of luck 倒霉,运气不佳
out of one's mind 不想(某事)
out of order 坏了
out of pain 没有疼痛
out of patience 失去耐心
out of place 格格不入,不合适
out of practice 荒疏
out of print 不再印行
out of reach 无法得到(拿到)
out of season 下市了
out of senses 头脑不正常
out of service 退役,不再使用
out of shape 变形
out of sight 看不见
out of sorts 身子不舒服
out of step 不合拍
out of stock 售罄
out of sympathy 不同情
out of temper 发脾气
out of the ordinary 不同寻常
out of the question 不可能
out of touch (with) 和…失去联系
out of tune 走调
out of use 不再使用
out of work 失业
2) 有些介词夹在名词之间构成成语:
day after day 日复一日地
year after year 年复一年地
one after another 一个接一个地
one by one 一个接一个
little by little 一点一点地
side by side 并肩
step by step 一步步地
face to face 面对面
arm in arm 手挽手地
hand in hand 手牵手地
hand in glove 互相勾结
hand over fist 大量赚(赔)钱
head above water (生意)能维持
head over heels 倒栽葱
day to day日常的
day by day 一天一天地
day before yesterday 前天
day after tomorrow 后天
heart in one's mouth 提心吊胆
heart-to-heart 互相交心的
3) 还有一些成语包含两个介词:
from beginning to end 从头至尾
from bad to worse 越来越糟
from time to time 不时地
from head to foot 从头到脚,浑身
from morning to night 从早到晚
from start to finish 从头至尾
from door to door 挨门挨户地
from top to bottom 整个地,彻底
from place to place 到各地
from hand to mouth 勉强糊口
from generation to generation 一代一代地
from cover to cover (书)全部地,从头到尾
4) 此外,“be+形容词+介?”也是一类成语:
be found of 喜欢
be full of 充满
be interested in 对…有兴趣
be keen on 热衷于
be confident in 对…有信心
be short of 缺乏
be sick of 厌恶
be proud of 对…感到骄傲
be loyal to 对…忠诚
be ashamed of 为…感到羞耻
be worried about 为…担心
be allergic to 对…过敏
be satisfied with 对…感到满意
be aware of 意识到
be busy with 忙于(某事)
be different from 和…不同
be sympathetic with 对…同情
be capable of 能干某事
be famous for 因…而出名
be curious about 对…好奇
关于各介词短语和成语动词的用法可参阅《现代英语用法辞典》(外研社出版)。