10 what的用法 Track10
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    10 what的用法 Track10

    what作为关系代词,用法很特殊,它是先行词和关系代词的结合体,我们姑且称之为 “缩合关系词”。它的一般含义可理解为:the things that, all that。具体用法有以下三点需要注意:
    (1) what前不能有先行词
    what包括一个关系代词及其“先行词”。 所以,what前面不能再有先行词出现。换句话说,如果句中已有先行词,就一定不能再用what引导定语从句。
    a.You can have everything what you like. *
    b.All_________is a continuous supply of the basic necessities of life.
    A. what is needed
    B. the things needed
    C. for our needs
    D. that is needed
    正确答案:D。
    (2) what单独使用
    此时,what作关系代词,可表示物,也可表示人。
    a.She is not what she used to be.
    =She is not the girl that she used to be.
    b.Show me what you have written.
    =Show me the things that you have written.
    c.He is not what he was a few years ago.
    =He is not the man that he was a few years ago.
    我们注意到以上句中what前均没有先行词。
    (3) what +名词
    此时,what作关系形容词,结构是“what +名词”,意为“所有的……,尽可能多的……”。
    a.I will give you what help I can. 我会尽可能地帮你。
    b. What money I have has been given to you. = All the money that I have has been given to you 我身上所有的钱都给了你了。
    c.Lend me what reference books you have on the subject.
    =Lend me all the reference books that you have on the subject.
    请把你所有的有关这个研究专题的参考书借给我。
    以上是what最基本的三条用法,其中“what前不能有先行词”是正确使用what的一个前提。凡是由what引导的定语从句均可改为“特定的先行词+关系代词that”。这说起来较为简单,但在实际使用过程中较为复杂,有时难以判断what之前到底是有还是没有“先行词”。
    请分析如下练习:
    d.Beethoven, the great musician, wrote(A) nine symphonies in his life, most of what(B) were written after he had lost(C) his hearing(D).
    e.As for the winter, it is inconvenient to be cold, with most of ______furnace fuel is allowed saved for the dawn.
    A. what
    B. that
    C. which
    D. such
    f.Most of_________food elephants eat is brought to their mouths by their trunks.
    A. what
    B. which
    C. that
    D. as
    g.Most(A) of the food what(B) elephants eat is brought(C) to their mouths by their(D) trunks.
    h.Most of_________archaeologists know about prehistoric cultures is based on studies of material remains.
    A. these
    B. what
    C. which
    D. their
    我们先对上述习题进行分析研究,让大家进一步明确what的用法。
    d. 正确答案:B,应改为most of which。因为这里的what前面有先行词nine symphonies,所以改成most of which,也就相当于most of nine symphonies。
    e. 正确答案:A。这个句子有一定的难度,with前的主句我们不难理解,关键是对with后面成分的理解。
    1)其实,这里实际上是由with引导的一个独立分词结构(详细内容参见“Chapter 6分词”),其一般结构是:with +名词 / 名词性短语+分词。此句中的结构可看成:with + what引导的一个名词从句(相当于名词短语)+ saved for the dawn(分词结构)。这个with独立分词结构在句中作状语,表示原因。
    2)我们再来分析这个由what引导的名词从句:most of what furnace fuel is allowed。据以上分析我们得知,what前没有先行词,这里的what是上文所说的what的第三种用法:what +名词(furnace fuel)。引导的名词从句确切地说应为:what furnace fuel is allowed(所分配的锅炉燃料),可改为定语从句:all the furnace fuel that is allowed。然后再加上most of (what furnace fuel is allowed),也就相当于:most of all the furnace fuel that is allowed,即“所分配的锅炉燃料中的大部分”,不要将其理解成:( most of what furnace fuel )is allowed*。
    3)此句可译成:到了冬天,由于所分配的锅炉燃料中的大部分需要节省下来等到黎明时候再用,因此(夜里)冷得难受。
    f. 正确答案:A。这里也还是what的第三种用法:what +名词(food),what前没有先行词。
    g. 正确答案:B,应改为which或that。因为此句中有先行词the food。大家可将其与f题进行比较。
    h. 正确答案:B。what前没有先行词,且又引导一个从句。
    在这里,需要说明的是,what引导的从句从结构上看,既可以理解为定语从句,也可理解为名词从句。
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