22 各种复杂定语从句 Track22
有时，在较难的英语文章里或较高级别的英语考试中，定语从句并非像“名词/代词+定语从句”这样的简单结构，而是会出现各种复杂的结构。造成定语从句结构复杂的主要原因有：
（1）定语从句后置
在前面也提到过，有时定语从句不是紧跟在先行词后边，而是被其他修饰成分隔开。这时，往往会造成不知道定语从句到底修饰哪部分的疑惑。
a. Consequently, nothing seems good that does not accord with the interests of the people . 因此，只有符合人民利益的事物才是好的。
分析：定语从句是修饰nothing的，此句还含有双重否定nothing... that does not...的结构，增加了理解的困难。
b.It is the interaction between people rather than the events that occur in their lives that is the main focus of social psychology.
社会心理学研究的核心不是发生在人们日常生活中的事件，而是人们之间的相互作用与影响。
分析：这句话中有一个很重要的提示——rather than（而不是），被定语从句所修饰的成分不会在rather than后边。介词短语between people用来修饰interaction，再结合定语从句的意思，综合起来我们推断，that从句修饰的是the interaction。
（2）带有插入语的定语从句
所谓带有插入语的定语从句，即指在有些定语从句的关系词后边往往紧跟一个“主谓结构”，但这个“主谓结构”并非从句的主谓语，而是一个表达个人观点的插入语。
a.He ran all the way from the station, which I thought was incredible. 他大老远从车站跑过来，我觉得这真让人难以置信。
上面这句定语从句可改写为：...，which，I thought，was incredible.
I thought即为插入语，并非从句中的主谓结构。从句主语是which，谓语是was。
注意：定语从句的插入语一般都要紧跟在关系词后边。
b.Tax cuts have been on his mind since he became president of the United States. One of his first acts in government was to announce cuts which he claimed would give back $1.6 trillion to the American people over 10 years.
实施减税是他成为美国总统以来一直想要推行的一项政策。他上台后的第一件事就是宣布这一政策，他声称该项措施在十年之内将会使1.6万亿美元重新回到美国人民的口袋里。
再看下面这道题：
c.This is the woman_________artists said posed as a model for the painting.
A. whose
B. who
C. which
D. whom
正确答案：B。
分析：此题关键是要分析出填入的关系词在从句中应充当何种成分。原句可以改写成“This is the woman _________, artists said, posed as a model for the painting.”。所以，artists said只是插入语，posed才是从句的谓语，因此空格处要作主语并且指代the woman。所以选B。
（3）并列定语从句
所谓并列定语从句，是指两个或两个以上的定语从句通过并列连词and，but或or连接，来共同修饰同一个先行词。
a.Greater expense does not always equal better gift. I would much rather receive a gift that was unique or that I knew my friend had put some thought into rather than something that cost a lot of money but that I didn't need or want. I would much rather receive something that made me laugh, made me reminisce, or fit my personality than something that cost a lot but that I will just throw in my closet and forget about.
礼物并不是价格越高就越贵重。我倒希望收到的礼物是很别致的，或我知道是朋友为我精心准备的，而不是花费很多却不是我所想要或需要的。我希望的是能够让我开心、让我回味过去时光，或是适合我的礼物，而不是价格不菲但看完之后随手就扔到储藏室、抛在脑后的礼物。
b.Friendship is a very difficult thing. It is hard to handle. It creates many different problems. In fact I would say that friendship is as hard to handle as love is, or even marriage. Of course I am not talking about easy-come-easy-go friendship. I'm talking about friends who care deeply about each other, who support each other, and who make life worth living. I'm talking about friends who you can share almost everything with.
（4）双层定语从句
双层定语从句比较复杂，也很少见到。其特点是：
1）一个先行词首先被一个限定性定语从句所修饰来表示一个特定的意思。然后，这个“先行词+限定性定语从句”再被另外一个限定性定语从句所修饰。
2）这两个限定性定语从句是处在不同层次上的，不能用连词and，but或or等来连接，因为这种定语从句并不是像上文讲到的“并列定语从句”那样在同一个先行词后有两个并列的定语从句。
a.He is the only person that we know who speaks so many foreign languages.
第一层定语从句that we know的先行词为the only person。
第二层定语从句who speaks so many foreign languages的先行词为the only person that we know。
b.Dr. Kissinger is the only person (that) we know who can eat caviar with chopsticks.
第一层定语从句的先行词为the only person。
第二层定语从句的先行词为the only person we know。
请看电影《魂断蓝桥》里的一段对白：
c.Mara: What was it you started to tell me in the restaurant that you didn't understand about me?
你刚才在餐馆里想要告诉我的说你不了解我的是什么来着？
Laurie: No use going into it now.
Mara: No, but tell me, please, I'd like to know.
Laurie:Well, it...it struck me as curious ever since I met you, you know, from that very early moment ages ago...you’re so young, so lovely, and so defeatist. I mean you don't seem to expect much from life.
Mara: Well, I'11 be all right. For instance, I met you, I liked you, and now so soon we have to part, and perhaps we'll never see each other again.
（1）定语从句后置
在前面也提到过，有时定语从句不是紧跟在先行词后边，而是被其他修饰成分隔开。这时，往往会造成不知道定语从句到底修饰哪部分的疑惑。
a. Consequently, nothing seems good that does not accord with the interests of the people . 因此，只有符合人民利益的事物才是好的。
分析：定语从句是修饰nothing的，此句还含有双重否定nothing... that does not...的结构，增加了理解的困难。
b.It is the interaction between people rather than the events that occur in their lives that is the main focus of social psychology.
社会心理学研究的核心不是发生在人们日常生活中的事件，而是人们之间的相互作用与影响。
分析：这句话中有一个很重要的提示——rather than（而不是），被定语从句所修饰的成分不会在rather than后边。介词短语between people用来修饰interaction，再结合定语从句的意思，综合起来我们推断，that从句修饰的是the interaction。
（2）带有插入语的定语从句
所谓带有插入语的定语从句，即指在有些定语从句的关系词后边往往紧跟一个“主谓结构”，但这个“主谓结构”并非从句的主谓语，而是一个表达个人观点的插入语。
a.He ran all the way from the station, which I thought was incredible. 他大老远从车站跑过来，我觉得这真让人难以置信。
上面这句定语从句可改写为：...，which，I thought，was incredible.
I thought即为插入语，并非从句中的主谓结构。从句主语是which，谓语是was。
注意：定语从句的插入语一般都要紧跟在关系词后边。
b.Tax cuts have been on his mind since he became president of the United States. One of his first acts in government was to announce cuts which he claimed would give back $1.6 trillion to the American people over 10 years.
实施减税是他成为美国总统以来一直想要推行的一项政策。他上台后的第一件事就是宣布这一政策，他声称该项措施在十年之内将会使1.6万亿美元重新回到美国人民的口袋里。
再看下面这道题：
c.This is the woman_________artists said posed as a model for the painting.
A. whose
B. who
C. which
D. whom
正确答案：B。
分析：此题关键是要分析出填入的关系词在从句中应充当何种成分。原句可以改写成“This is the woman _________, artists said, posed as a model for the painting.”。所以，artists said只是插入语，posed才是从句的谓语，因此空格处要作主语并且指代the woman。所以选B。
（3）并列定语从句
所谓并列定语从句，是指两个或两个以上的定语从句通过并列连词and，but或or连接，来共同修饰同一个先行词。
a.Greater expense does not always equal better gift. I would much rather receive a gift that was unique or that I knew my friend had put some thought into rather than something that cost a lot of money but that I didn't need or want. I would much rather receive something that made me laugh, made me reminisce, or fit my personality than something that cost a lot but that I will just throw in my closet and forget about.
礼物并不是价格越高就越贵重。我倒希望收到的礼物是很别致的，或我知道是朋友为我精心准备的，而不是花费很多却不是我所想要或需要的。我希望的是能够让我开心、让我回味过去时光，或是适合我的礼物，而不是价格不菲但看完之后随手就扔到储藏室、抛在脑后的礼物。
b.Friendship is a very difficult thing. It is hard to handle. It creates many different problems. In fact I would say that friendship is as hard to handle as love is, or even marriage. Of course I am not talking about easy-come-easy-go friendship. I'm talking about friends who care deeply about each other, who support each other, and who make life worth living. I'm talking about friends who you can share almost everything with.
（4）双层定语从句
双层定语从句比较复杂，也很少见到。其特点是：
1）一个先行词首先被一个限定性定语从句所修饰来表示一个特定的意思。然后，这个“先行词+限定性定语从句”再被另外一个限定性定语从句所修饰。
2）这两个限定性定语从句是处在不同层次上的，不能用连词and，but或or等来连接，因为这种定语从句并不是像上文讲到的“并列定语从句”那样在同一个先行词后有两个并列的定语从句。
a.He is the only person that we know who speaks so many foreign languages.
第一层定语从句that we know的先行词为the only person。
第二层定语从句who speaks so many foreign languages的先行词为the only person that we know。
b.Dr. Kissinger is the only person (that) we know who can eat caviar with chopsticks.
第一层定语从句的先行词为the only person。
第二层定语从句的先行词为the only person we know。
请看电影《魂断蓝桥》里的一段对白：
c.Mara: What was it you started to tell me in the restaurant that you didn't understand about me?
你刚才在餐馆里想要告诉我的说你不了解我的是什么来着？
Laurie: No use going into it now.
Mara: No, but tell me, please, I'd like to know.
Laurie:Well, it...it struck me as curious ever since I met you, you know, from that very early moment ages ago...you’re so young, so lovely, and so defeatist. I mean you don't seem to expect much from life.
Mara: Well, I'11 be all right. For instance, I met you, I liked you, and now so soon we have to part, and perhaps we'll never see each other again.
