听力课堂TED音频栏目主要包括TED演讲的音频MP3及中英双语文稿，供各位英语爱好者学习使用。本文主要内容为演讲MP3+双语文稿:嘻哈音乐如何帮助我们理解科学，希望你会喜欢！
【演讲者及介绍】Danielle N Lee
行为生物学家丹妮尔·李通过嘻哈音乐与广大观众分享科学知识，研究了令人讨厌的啮齿动物的生态学和自然史。
【演讲主题】嘻哈音乐如何帮助我们理解科学
【中英文字幕】
翻译者x my 校对者 Jin Ge
00：13
How y'all doing? Good. I came here to giveyou a science lesson about animal mating systems and why defining monogamy hasbeen a challenge for scientists. But you won't need a textbook or to downloadan online lecture. All you'll simply need to do is revisit the song"OPP" by Naughty by Nature.
大家好吗？非常好。今天我想给大家上一堂科学课，关于动物交配体系，以及为什么对科学家来说定义一夫一妻制很难。这堂课你们不需要什么课本，也不需要下载讲座视频。你们只需要重温一首歌，歌名是《OPP》，创作者是“天生顽家”。
00：35
(Laughter)
（笑声）
00：36
It was released in 1991. Now,"OPP" is a call-and-response song. So throughout the talk, I'm goingto put lyrics up on the screen, and I'm going to recite some and I'm going toprompt you when it's your turn to do the response, OK?
这首歌发行于1991年。《OPP》是一首对唱形式的歌。所以在我今天的讲话中，会将歌词放在屏幕上，我会读一些，然后带动大家，到你们的时候给我一些回应，好吗？
00：52
(Cheers)
（欢呼）
00：53
Now, I know some people in this audienceknow this song, so I need you to lead the way with the tempo and the rhythm, ifthat's alright, OK? Right, y'all ready?
好的，我知道在座的有些朋友听过这首歌，所以我需要听过这首歌的朋友带动节拍，可以的话，就这样做，好吗？好的，准备好了吗？
01：02
You down with OPP?
丹妮尔：你对OPP无法自拔吗？
01：04
Audience: Yeah, you know me!
观众：是啊，你懂的！
01：05
DNL: You down with OPP?
丹妮尔：你对OPP无法自拔吗？
01：07
Audience: Yeah, you know me!
观众：是啊，你懂的！
01：08
DNL: You down with OPP?
丹妮尔：你对OPP无法自拔吗？
01：09
Audience: Yeah, you know me!
观众：是啊，你懂的！
01：11
DNL: That was perfect. Thank you.
丹妮尔：完美。感谢大家。
01：14
"OPP, how can I explain it?
（歌词）“我该怎么解释OPP呢？
01：16
I'll take it frame by frame it.
请让我逐字逐词说明。
01：18
To have y'all jumping shout and singing it
直到大家全都一起唱跳。
01：19
O is for other, P is for people. scratchyour temple.
O代表‘其它’，P代表‘人们’，大家思考一下。
01：22
The last P, well, that's not thatsimple."
最后一个P嘛，可没那么单纯。”
01：25
Now, in the song, the MC hints that it's afive-letter word, but to keep it rated PG, he simply refers to it as"property."
在这首歌里，饶舌歌手暗示这是一个五个字母的单词，但由于涉及成人内容，作者简单地把它称为资产（property）。
01：33
(Laughter)
（笑声）
01：35
The song is about cheating on yoursignificant other. Now, around the time that this song was in heavy rotation,biologists were in deep discussion about whether bird species, notablysongbirds and waterfowl were actually monogamous or not. See, for decades,generations of science students were taught that well over 90 percent of thebird species were monogamous. A male and female mating faithfully for life.
这首歌是关于出轨的。在这首歌特别流行的时候，生物学家们深刻讨论了鸟类，特别是夜莺和水禽类是否真的是一夫一妻制。几十年来，一代又一代的科学专业学生们学到的观念是：超过90%种类的鸟是一夫一妻制。一雌一雄彼此一生忠贞不渝。
02：05
That was until the late 1980s, when a newlaboratory technique came on the scene, which could copy DNA from a smalltissue or fluid sample and decode the genetics of individuals. Now, before thattechnique, we were never ever certain about, 100 percent, who the parents ofbaby birds were. All we had were our field notes. And we would know whichadults lived in a nest and which ones fed the baby birds. Well, come to findout, study after study kept coming in and we found so much evidence ofinfidelity --
直到二十世纪八十年代末，一项新的实验技术问世了。这项技术能够从少量组织或液体样本中复DNA，然后解码个体的基因。在这项技术出现之前，我们从来都不百分百确定，鸟宝宝的父母到底是谁。我们那时所有的证据只有现场考察的笔记。根据这些笔记，我们知道了哪些成年鸟住在鸟巢中，哪些喂养鸟宝宝。后来越来越多的研究表明，我们发现了大量出轨的证据——
02：41
(Laughter)
（笑声）
02：42
among bird species, particularly thesesongbirds that we thought were the pinnacle of monogamy. It would have madeMaury Povich jealous for the ratings.
存在于鸟类之间，尤其是鸣禽之间，而我们以为鸣禽是最践行一夫一妻制的种类了。（如果公开结果）这是让莫里·波维奇（美国脱口秀名人）都嫉妒的收视率。
02：51
(Laughter)
（笑声）
02：54
It rocked biology and ornithology so hard,we had to modify and expand the entire definition of monogamy. Now, it was sobad that this was the headline of the "New York Times" sciencesection, August, 1990. "Mating for Life? It's not for the Birds or theBees."
这一事实深刻地震撼了生物学和鸟类学界，我们不得不修正和扩大一夫一妻制的整个定义。这件事情的影响如此广泛，使它成为了《纽约时报》 1990年8月刊科学板块的头条。“终身厮守？鸟类和蜜蜂才不适用。”
03：14
(Laughter)
（笑声）
03:16
We had to come up with new definitions. Thesituation where an individual would change partners, either between breedingseasons or just simply because they didn't like their partner anymore? We nowcall this "serial monogamy."
我们需要想出一个新的定义。鸟类换掉他们的伴侣，要么是发生在交配的季节，要么仅仅只因为他们不再喜欢各自的伴侣。我们现在把它称作“系列一夫一妻制”。
03:31
(Laughter)
（笑声）
03:35
I didn't know it was going to be thisfunny.
我不知道这个发现这么有趣。
03:37
(Laughter)
（笑声）
03:40
The situation where we know the male andfemale pair together and all the babies belong to both partners? We call that"genetic monogamy." And we now recognize that it only holds true forabout 14 percent of the songbird species, which we were very certain were trulymonogamous.
我们知道雌雄配对在一起，那么所有的鸟宝宝都属于这对父母，我们把它称作“遗传性一夫一妻制”。然而我们现在认识到这个数据，在鸣禽种类中只有14%是正确的，而我们曾经确信这些鸟类是严格的一夫一妻制。
03:59
And with this reclassification, we realizedthat in a lot of those field observations where we saw a male and femalesharing a nest, comaintaining a territory, even provisioning offspringtogether, often included a few baby birds that did not belong to the malepartner. We call this "social monogamy."
随着这次修正，我们意识到在野外观察的大多数事例中，我们看到的雌雄鸟同居，共同捍卫自己的领土，甚至是共同养育后代，这些幼鸟中通常有几个不是雄鸟的后代。我们把这种情况称为“社会性一夫一妻制”。
04:20
(Laughter)
（笑声）
04:22
And the mechanism responsible? Extra-paircopulation. "It's OPP, time for other people's what you get it there's noroom for relationship, there's just room to ..."
其演化机制呢？额外配对。（歌词）“OPP就是你眼前的人已经属于其他人，（歌词）没有机会发展恋爱关系，只有机会发展…”
04:35
Audience: "Hit it!"
观众：性关系！
04:36
"How many brothers out there know justwhat I'm getting at?
（歌词）“有多少仁兄知道我在说什么？
04:39
Who thinks it's wrong because I wassplitting and cohitting that.
（歌词）有谁觉得我劈腿是不对的？
04:42
Well if you do, that's OPP"
（歌词）如果你这样做，这就叫OPP。”
04：46
Actually, that's EPC Which is theabbreviation for extra-pair copulation.
事实上，这是EPC，额外配对（extra-pair copulation）的缩写。
04：52
(Laughter)
（笑声）
04：54
Now, we define extra-pair copulation as themating outside of a pair bond. And just like we were discovering via science,it can lead to babies that don't belong to the male partner. Alright?
我们将额外配对定义为：同原配之外的交配行为。同科学发现的结果一样，额外配对会导致鸟宝宝属于不同的雄性伴侣。对吧？
05：07
Now, I first learned about EPCs yearslater, after all the science news broke while I was in graduate school. And aswe were taking a class, talking about current discoveries and mating systems,this topic comes up. And as my professor's going through the definition andrecounting all the dramatic turns of events that lead to these new revelations,I'm sitting in class and a familiar song starts bopping in my head. I'm like, "Youdown with OPP? Yeah, you know me!"
我多年后才了解到额外配对，是在许多科学研究出现之后，那时候我还是研究生。我和我的同学们在上课，刚好讨论到当时有关交配机制的一些发现。这个话题就出现了。当我的老师正讲述这些定义，以及分析所有这些戏剧性的事例导致了这些新发现时，我坐在教室里，一首熟悉的歌在我脑海中响起。我开始默唱：“你对OPP无法自拔吗？是啊~你懂的！”
05：36
(Laughter)
（笑声）
05：37
I mean, that's exactly what that song wasabout: EPCs. And what I recognized is that this gives us an opportunity torevisit this song. Let's switch the lyrics up. So say EPC.
我想说，这首歌非常准确地描述了额外配对。而且我开始明白，这给了我们一个机会来重新探讨这首歌。我们来换一下歌词。说EPC！
05：53
Audience: EPC.
观众：EPC！
05：54
DNL: Say it, EPC!
丹妮尔：说EPC！
05：56
Audience: EPC!
观众：EPC！
05：57
"I like to say it with pride
（歌词）“我喜欢自豪地说出来。
05：58
now, when you do it, do it well, and makesure that it counts. You're not down with a discount."
（歌词）如果你要偷情，就尽情地去吧，好好享受（歌词）这其中的激情全没半点折扣。”
06：02
You down with EPC?
你对EPC无法自拔吗？观众：是啊，你懂的！
06：25
Audience: Yeah, you know me!
你对EPC无法自拔吗？观众：是啊，你懂的！
06：08
Now, I had always been playing songs in myhead while I was in science class, kind of tapping into this index of popculture and hip-hop songs. But when I would share my analogies with my scienceprofessors, all of whom were older white men, I often got blank and confusedstares as responses.
我上科学课的时候，脑海里总是在唱歌。好像流行文化和嘻哈歌曲的引导更有利于我学习，但是每当我向我的科学老师分享我的比喻时，我的老师都是较为年长的白人，我得到的回应通常是困惑和不解的眼神。
06：27
(Laughter)
（笑声）
06：29
But when I would share this with peoplefrom communities like mine, or other colleagues -- so, diverse communities --this hip-hop science remix was a hit. That's because I was either talking topeople who looked and sounded like me, or at the very least, you know, listenedto some of the same songs. We were sharing a common cultural lexicon. And withthat lexicon, I was able to bring new science terms to them, and together, wewere sharing a new comprehension of science for the culture.
但是当我将这些与我背景相同的人们，或背景不同的同事们分享时，这种嘻哈与科学的混搭真的很受欢迎。这是因为我交谈的人们要么与我长相特征或口音相似，或者至少，我们听的是同一种类的歌曲。我们拥有相同的文化词汇。正是拥有这些词汇，我才能向他们解释新的科学术语，算起来，我们也是在分享一种对文化的新的科学理解。
07：01
Now, hip-hop song references are a reallygood tool for teaching content to students from hip-hop culture or urbancommunities. And I use it intentionally to connect to those students, tappinginto vocabulary that they already know and systems that they alreadycomprehend. And what it does in that process is it ratifies them, us, ourculture as knowledge purveyors. I use hip-hop to frame and communicate sciencebecause I'm intentionally communicating science to broader audiences thatpublic science outreach has traditionally overlooked. And in the process, I amaffirming the genius that thrives in the young minds of people from every hoodeverywhere. So let me ask you one last time, you down with EPC?
对于教导嘻哈文化背景下，或城市社区背景下的学生，嘻哈的确是个绝佳的工具。我也特地用这种方法来加强和学生的交流。利用他们已知的词汇，和他们已经理解的机制。这种方法在教学过程中的作用是，作为知识提供者，它改变了学生们，我们以及我们的文化。我用嘻哈来建构和传播科学，因为我旨在将科学传播给更广泛的群体。在科学传播中这类群体往往是被忽略的一部分人。在这个过程中，我也十分确信天才会是在街头闲逛的某个兜帽青年。所以让我最后再问你们一次，你对EPC无法自拔吗？
07：59
Audience: Yeah, you know me!
观众：是啊，你懂的！
08：00
DNL: You down with EPC?
丹妮尔：你对EPC无法自拔吗？
08：02
Audience: Yeah, you know me!
观众：是啊，你懂的！
08：03
DNL: You down with EPC?
丹妮尔：你对EPC无法自拔吗？
08：04
Audience: Yeah, you know me!
观众：是啊，你懂的！
08：05
DNL: Who's down with EPC?
丹妮尔：谁对EPC无法自拔？
08：07
Audience: All the homies!
观众：所有兄弟！
08：09
Thank you.
谢谢大家。
08：10
(Applause and cheers)
（掌声与欢呼声）
