同位语从句长难句分类解析
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    同位语从句长难句分类解析

    1. Levi Coffin, a teacher raised in North Carolina, explained, "The Bible, in bidding us to feed the hungry and clothe the naked, said nothing about color."

    【翻译演练】  _____________________________________

    【参考译文】  作为一名从小在北卡罗来纳州长大的教师,Levi Coffin解释说:“圣经在要求我们给那些食不果腹者提供食物、给那些衣不蔽体者提供衣物的同时,只字未提肤色问题。”

    【结构分析】  双逗号中间的 a teacher (raised in North Carolina),是主语Levin Coffin的同位语,raised in North Carolina是a teacher的后置定语;双引号中的内容是explained的宾语从句,其中The Bible是主语,said nothing about作谓语部分,color是宾语,此处双逗号里的in bidding...是从句谓语动词said的时间状语。

    【词汇精记】  raise 抚养;North Carolina 北卡罗来纳(州名);bid 命令,要求;feed 喂,养,提供食物;clothe 提供衣物;say nothing about 只字未提;the hungry 饥饿者;the naked 裸露者,衣不蔽体者;in doing... 在做……其间(或方面)。

    2. In Europe, as elsewhere multi-media groups have been increasingly successful: groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.

    【翻译演练】  _____________________________

    【参考译文】  在欧洲,像在其他地方一样,传媒集团即那些将相关的电视、广播、报纸、杂志和出版社组合在一起的集团一直以来都非常成功,而且越来越好。

    【结构分析】  In Europe, as elsewhere//multi-media groups have been increasingly successful: // groups (which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses) (that work in relation to one another).第一段中,In Europe是句子的地点状语;as elsewhere是句子的比较状语;第二段是句子的主干:multi-media groups是主语,have been是谓语,successful是表语;冒号后面的groups which...是主语groups的同位语,which引导的定语从句对groups进行内容解释。 此句的同位语较特殊,因其自身较长之故被后置(本应放在所修饰的主语后),并用冒号加以强调;在which引导的定语从句里,that又引导定语从句对前面的五个并列先行词television,radio,newspapers,magazines and publishing houses进行修饰说明。

    【词汇精记】  multi-media group 传媒集团;bring together 将……聚集/组合;publishing house 出版社;in relation to 与……相关联。

    3. This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks, no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.

    【翻译演练】  ______________________________

    【参考译文】  这一点就足以证明,要在电视行业里生存下来并非易事。统计数字尤其说明了这一事实,在80个欧洲电视网中,1989年出现亏损的多达一半。

    【结构分析】  This alone demonstrates//that the television business is not an easy world (to survive in),// a fact (underlined by statistics) (that show that out of eighty European television networks , no less than 50% took a loss in 1989 ).第二段中that引导名词性从句,作谓语动词demonstrates的宾语(即宾语从句),其中括号部分的不定式短语to survive in是an easy world的后置定语;第三段是要强调的重点,a fact是前面that宾语从句的同位语,后面的underlined by statistics是过去分词短语作a fact的后置定语;在statistics后面的that show...是定语从句,修饰先行词statistics;在此部分还要关注show后面的又一个that从句(画线部分),它是show的宾语从句,表示数据的内容;在此宾语从句中,斜体的out of eighty European television networks是范围状语,no less than 50%是主语,took是谓语,a loss是宾语,in 1989是时间状语。

    【词汇精记】  alone若置于所修饰名词之后,常做定语,可译为“单单,仅仅”;demonstrate(相当于show)表明;television business 电视行业;not an easy world to survive in 并非容易生存的行业;underline 在下面画线,引申为“强调”;a fact underlined by statistics 一个有数据可证明的事实;out of eighty European television networks 在80个欧洲电视网中;no less than 多达/高达;take a loss 亏损。

    4. When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.

    【翻译演练】  ___________________________

    【参考译文】  当这种反应出现时,并不是什么错,这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用,这种本能应得到鼓励而不应遭到嘲弄。

    【结构分析】  When that happens, it is not a mistake: //it is mankind's instinct (for moral reasoning) (in action),// an instinct (that should be encouraged rather than laughed at).第一段是句子主干:when引导时间状语从句,表示主句it is not a mistake的时间背景;第二段(冒号后)是对第一段内容的进一步解释,其中括号里的for moral reasoning和in action是instinct的两个后置定语;第三段中的an instinct是前面instinct的同位语,其后面的that...是定语从句,对其进一步修饰解释。

    【词汇精记】  that(代词)联系上下文译为“这种反应”;mankind 人类;instinct 本能;moral 道德的;reasoning 推理(因有-ing,所以reason此处是动词词义);in action (在)起作用;rather than 而不是。

    5. Imagine the effect on a reasonably advanced technological society, one that still does not possess the bomb, of making it aware of the possibility, of supplying sufficient details to enable the thing to be constructed.

    【翻译演练】  ____________________________________

    【参考译文】  对于一个技术相当先进却没拥有此炸弹的国家而言,如果使其意识到这一可能,并向其提供足够的造弹细节,可以想象后果何其严重。

    【结构分析】  Imagine the effect (on a reasonably advanced technological society), one (that still does not possess the bomb), (of making it aware of the possibility), (of supplying sufficient details to enable the thing to be constructed).第一个括号中的介词on短语是effect的后置定语;one是其前面society的同位语,其后的that引导定语从句,修饰one,对其作进一步的解释;最后面的两个of短语是effect的两个后置定语,因较长被置于句末;此句的正常语序是:Imagine the effect of..., of..., on...; 此句的整体句式是个祈使句,例如:

    Imagine their dismay when they found a beautifully cooked wallet and notes turned to ash. 当他们发现煮过的钱包面目全非、钞票已化成灰烬时,可以想象他们的沮丧程度。

    【词汇精记】  the effect on 对……的影响;reasonably 合理地,相当地;advanced 先进的,发达的;be aware of 意识到;sufficient 足够的;detail 细节;sufficient 足够的;enable 使能够;construct 建设,建造。

    6. If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory.

    【翻译演练】  _____________________________

    【参考译文】  假如那些小热点看上去同预期的一致,那就意味着又一科学理论的胜利,也就是经过完善的大爆炸论——宇宙膨胀说。

    【结构分析】  If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea,// a refinement (of the Big Bang) (called the inflationary universe theory).句子主干结构是第一段:If引导的条件句+主句,其中look as expected是look as they are expected的省略,意思是“看上去和预想的一样”,as短语在本质上是比较状语从句的省略;a refinement of the Big Bang和前面的yet another scientific idea是同位语关系;过去分词短语called the inflationary universe theory作后置定语,修饰the Big Bang。

    【词汇精记】  hot spots 热点;triumph 胜利;yet another... 又一个……;refinement 提炼,改进;bang 突然的巨响,爆炸;inflationary 膨胀的;universe 宇宙;the inflationary universe theory 宇宙膨胀说(理论)。

    7. Henson is but one name on a long list of courageous men and women who together forged the Underground Railroad, a secret web of escape routes and safe houses that they used to liberate slaves from the American South.

    【翻译演练】  ___________________________________

    【参考译文】  Henson仅仅是一长串的英勇男女名单中的一个名字,他们一起打造了地下铁路这一组织。地下铁路是一个由逃亡路线和可靠人家组成的秘密网络,他们利用这一网络来解放那些来自美国南部的奴隶。

    【结构分析】  Henson is but one name (on a long list) (of courageous men and women) (who together forged the Underground Railroad) ,// a secret web (of escape routes and safe houses) (that they used to liberate slaves from the American South).第一段是句子的主干:Henson是主语,is是谓语,one name是表语,but是“仅仅”之意,on a long list作后置定语修饰name,of courageous men and women作后置定语修饰list,who together forged the Underground Railroad作定语修饰men and women,彼此是层层限定的关系;第二段是理解的重点:a secret web是the Underground Railroad的同位语,其后的of短语和that从句都是web的后置定语;值得关注的是,在that引导的定语从句里,不定式to短语和前面的used并非固定搭配,而是目的状语,used的逻辑宾语是引导定语从句的关系代词that。

    【词汇精记】  but 仅仅,不过;list 目录,名单;courageous 英勇的;forge 打造,锻造;underground 地下的;web 网络;escape route 逃亡路线;liberate 解放。

    8. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself.

    【翻译演练】  _____________________________

    【参考译文】  确切地讲,我们对于美国公民有特定的了解:他们通常能够正确地评估身外之物对自身生计和幸福的影响程度,否则,他们就不是地道的美国人。

    【结构分析】  Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen,// a character (who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself ).第一段是句子的主干:主语是We,谓语部分是固定搭配have a certain conception of(“对……有特定了解”),宾语是the American citizen;第二段是应关注的重点:a character是American citizen的同位语,其后括号中的who引导定语从句对其进行修饰;who引导的定语从句是个复合句,其中if又引导条件状语从句,而在此条件状语从句里,谓语动词assess后又接了how引导的宾语从句(画线部位); 在括号里的定语从句中,斜体的incomplete和cannot构成了双重否定结构,表示肯定。

    【词汇精记】  rather 确切地讲(放在句首时);a certain 特定的,某种程度上的;have a certain conception of 对……有特定的了解;character 性格,有某种性格的人;incomplete 不完整的;competently 称职地,胜任地;assess 评估;livelihood 生计;affect 影响;things outside of oneself 身外之物。

    9. The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas—legends handed down from one generation of story-tellers to another.

    【翻译演练】  ____________________________

    【参考译文】  他们保存历史的唯一方式是把历史作为英雄故事来加以叙述,即由讲述人一代代地将之作为传奇故事流传下来。

    【结构分析】  The only way (that they can preserve their history) is to recount it as sagas —// legends (handed down from one generation of story-tellers to another).第一段是句子主干:主语是The only way,谓语是系动词is,不定式to recount it是表语,画线的as sagas是方式状语,括号中关系副词that(相当于in which)引导定语从句,修饰主语The only way;破折号后面的第二段里,legends是sagas的同位语,也是此句的重点学习对象;最后面括号中的成分是过去分词短语作legends的后置定语。

    【词汇精记】  preserve 保存;recount 叙述;saga 英雄故事;legend 传奇;hand down 流传;generation 一代人;story-teller 讲故事者;one...another... 一个……又一个……。

    10. In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the "scientific method" a substitute for imaginative thought.

    【翻译演练】  _______________________

    【参考译文】  在和一些科学家,尤其是年轻的科学家交谈的时候,你或许会得出这一印象:他们认为“科学的方法”可以取代发散思维。

    【结构分析】  In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression//( that they find the "scientific method" a substitute for imaginative thought ).第一段是句子的主干:主语是you,谓语是might gather,宾语是the impression,句首的In talking to...作句子的时间状语,双逗号中间的表达是插入语;第二段中,that引导同位语从句,解释其前面impression的内容;在此从句里,主语是they,谓语是find,其后面接的是复合宾语,即the "scientific method"是宾语,a substitute是宾语补足语;句末画线的介词短语for imaginative thought是a substitute的后置定语。

    【词汇精记】  in doing... 在做……的时候(方面);gather the impression that 得出……的印象;a substitute for 一个……的代替物;imaginative (有)想象力的。

    11. Alongside me was a slender woman in a black dress, my guide back to a time when the surrounding settlement in Dresden, Ontario, was home to a hero in American history.

    【翻译演练】  ____________________________

    【参考译文】  在我身旁的是一位身材苗条的黑衣女郎,她把我引领回这样一个时代:当时安大略省德累斯顿周围的居民区居住着一位美国历史上的英雄人物。

    【结构分析】  Alongside me was a slender woman (in a black dress),// my guide (back to a time) (when the surrounding settlement in Dresden, Ontario , was home to a hero in American history ).此句的主干是第一段中的倒装句(属表系主倒装的范畴,参见第十章倒装结构),正常的语序是:a slender woman in black dress was alongside me;第二段中的my guide是woman的同位语,其后面back to a time作后置定语,修饰guide,再后面的when引导定语从句修饰其前面的time;在when引导的定语从句中,主语是the settlement,其前后的画线部分是定语,谓语动词是固定搭配was home to,宾语是a hero;句末的画线部分则是hero的后置定语。

    【词汇精记】  alongside 和……并排,在……旁边;slender 苗条的;guide 向导;a time 一个时代;settlement 定居点;Dresden, Ontario (加拿大地名)安大略省德累斯顿;be home to 是……的家,居住着。

    12. Word spread that fleeing slaves could always find refuge at the Coffin home.

    【翻译演练】  _______________________________

    【参考译文】  逃亡的奴隶总是能够在Coffin家得到庇护,这一消息传播开来。

    【结构分析】  Word spread// that fleeing slaves could always find refuge at the Coffin home.第一段是句子主干:Word是主语,spread是谓语;第二段是that引导的同位语从句,解释说明主语word的内容,因较长,为了避免头重脚轻才和主语word发生分隔,这在同位语从句的结构里是相当常见的。

    【词汇精记】  word(不加任何冠词时意为)消息;spread 散布,传播;flee 逃跑;refuge 庇护。

    13. If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed of it, and that it represents good value.

    【翻译演练】  _______________________

    【参考译文】  如果你看到一个商品一再地做广告,这就最有力地证明了该商品是名副其实、物有所值的。

    【结构分析】  If you see an article consistently advertised , it is the surest proof//(I know) ( that the article does what is claimed of it ), and ( that it represents good value).第一段是句子的主干,由If条件状语从句+主句构成;在此段中,值得关注的是if从句的画线部位,它作宾语补足语的成分(原理是:see sth. done);在第二段中,I know是省略了关系代词that的定语从句,修饰proof;后面并列的两个that从句是proof的同位语从句;第一个that从句中,须注意画线的部位是what引导的名词性从句,作does的宾语(即宾语从句),其中的介词of是“关于”之意。

    【词汇精记】  article 商品,物品;consistent 一贯的,一致的;advertise 做广告;claim 声称;of(相当于about)关于。

    14. They reached a merger agreement on the understanding that both parties will be committed to expanding the market share of the company in Europe.

    【翻译演练】  __________________________

    【参考译文】  他们认为双方都应该致力于扩大公司在欧洲的市场份额,基于这一共识,他们达成了合并的协议。

    【结构分析】  They reached a merger agreement on the understanding // that both parties will be committed to expanding the market share (of the company) (in Europe).第一段是句子的主干:They是主语,reached是谓语,a merger agreement是宾语,on the understanding是原因状语,表示reached的原因;第二段是that引导的同位语从句,解释understanding的内容,此从句中主语是both parties,谓语是will be committed to,宾语是动名词短语expanding...,句末两个括号中的部分皆是the market share的后置定语。

    【词汇精记】  reach an agreement 达成一致;merger 合并,融合;on the understanding that... 基于……的观点;party (一)方;be committed to 致力于;expand 扩张,扩大;the market share 市场份额。

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