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　　英语四级听力美文第12篇:Leisure and Boredom

　　Technology and the division of labour have done two things: by eliminating in many fields theneed for special strength or skill, they have made a very large number of paid occupationswhich formerly were enjoyable work into boring labour, and by increasing productivity theyhave reduced the number of necessary labouring of the population, that is to say, itslabourers, will have almost as much leisure as in earlier times was enjoyed by the aristocracy.

　　It seems interesting and relaxing good news at the first sight, but when one recalls howaristocracies in the past actually behaved, the prospect is not cheerful.

　　The past aristocracies invented a lot of activities to make fun out of boredom, however, theproblem of dealing with boredom may be even more difficult for such a future mass societythan it was for aristocracies. The latter, for example, ritualized their time; there was a season toshoot grouse, a season to spend in town, a season to hold a lot of parties, etc.

　　The masses are more likely to replace an unchanging ritual by fashion which it will be in theeconomic interest of certain people to change as often as possible.

　　Again, the masses cannot go in for hunting, for very soon there would be no animals left tohunt. For other aristocratic amusements like gambling, dueling, and warfare, it may be onlytoo easy to find equivalents in dangerous driving, drug-taking, and senseless acts of violence. Workers seldom commit acts of violence, because they can put their aggression into theirwork, be it physical like the work of a smith, or mental like the work of a scientist or an artist. The role of aggression in mental work is aptly expressed by the phrase “getting one’s teethinto a problem”.