2．殷墟遗物现辉煌
2. Glory of Yin Ruins
商朝灭亡后，殷都被焚毁，一直被弃用，渐渐地变成了一座废墟，这就是所说的殷墟。在历代的史书中也有大量的记载，但殷墟的具体位置人们并不清楚，历史上曾经成为难解之谜，直到19世纪末期甲骨文的发现，人们才重新找到了殷墟。
As is mentioned, Yin was reduced to ruins in fires at the Shang dynasty's collapse. Descriptions of Yin ruins can be found in lots of historical records, but its exact location remained a mystery until the discovery of the oracle-bone inscriptions at the end of 19th century.
1899年，金石学家王懿荣等在龙骨上发现了甲骨文，并确定了甲骨文的真正出土地--安阳小屯，最终确定安阳小屯一带便是殷墟的具体所在地。
In 1899, Wang Yirong, an expert dedicated to the study of ancient inscriptions, accidentally discovered some animal's breastbones engraved with characters in Xiaotun Village of Anyang. Further examination and study revealed Xiaotun is exactly where the Yin Ruins used to be.
已经发掘的殷墟大体上分为宫殿区、居住区、手工业作坊区和墓葬区等。通过对这些不同功能区的发掘，出土了大量的珍贵文物，这些文物对研究商代的社会生活、人文风气以及社会生产等都有重要的参考价值。
Excavated Yin ruins could be divided into four areas: the royal palace area, the civilian residential area, the handicraft workshop area and the burial area. A lot of ancient treasures were unearthed, which contribute to the research of the social life and economic productions here three millennia ago.
位于洹水南岸的小屯和花园庄一带是宫殿区，为殷墟的中心区，这一带地势较高，地形平坦开阔，两面临河。20世纪30年代考古学家对这里进行了多次发掘，发现建筑遗址50多处，窖穴近300个，其范围达到了35000多平方米。这里的基址布局整齐，错落有序，自南向北依次排列，两两对称。在洹水转弯处的基址共有15座，但规模较小。在这一区域南边的基址规模较大，有相对豪华的墓葬，葬坑中的陪葬品有人、兽、车、马等，还有一些密集分布的小葬坑，可以推断出这一带是商朝的宗庙。第三处基址在宗庙的西南部，在这里发现了火烧过的黑土和羊骨灰，可以断定这里是商代的祭坛。
Xiaotun and Huayuan Villages on the south bank of Huanshui River used to be where the royal palaces were and is the center of Yin ruins. In the 1930s, excavations of the ruins brought to light more than fifty house foundations and almost three hundred caves, which cover over 35,000 square meters. All the house foundations discovered here are arranged orderly in pairs from south to north. Another fifteen smaller house foundations have been found at the turn of the Huanshui River. In the south, there are larger foundations with luxurious tombs, inside which men, animals, carts and horse were buried. This part is probably where the ancestral shrines of the Shang dynasty were. To the southwest of the ancestral shrines, burned earth and ashes of sheep bones have been found. Thus it can be estimated this part is where altar was.
20世纪80年代，中国社科院在这里又发现了一个大型的宫殿基址群，使宫殿宗庙区的范围进一步扩大。在中心区以西约200米的地方，还发现了可以用来排泄洪水用的人工防御性设施。这些设施规模庞大，南北长约1100米，东西长约650米，并且恰好环绕在宫殿宗庙区的西、南两侧，与东、北两面的洹水构成一个外环整体。
In the 1980s, another large group of sites of palaces was excavated by Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. This discovery further expands the area of royal palaces and ancestral shrines. Also discovered were man-made facilities for flood discharge in the west around two hundred meters away from the ruin's center. About 1100 meters from north to south and 650 meters from east to west, the facilities were large enough to surround the west and the east sides of the area of royal palaces and ancestral temples and to form a circle with the Huanshui River which went around the palaces and temples in the east and north.
殷墟的墓葬区分为洹水北岸的殷王陵和洹水南北两岸的贵族平民墓葬区。殷王陵位于洹水北岸的高地上，这里地势平坦，易于排水。20世纪30年代就开始对这里进行了大规模的发掘，发掘出大墓10座，未完成的大墓1座，祭祀坑和小墓1000多座。后来又发掘出了一些大墓和祭祀坑，对研究商代的墓葬有重要的参考价值。
The burial area of Yin ruins was divided into parts: the royal tomb area on the northern bank of Huanshui River and tomb area for nobles and civilians on either banks of Huanshui River. The royal tombs were built on the highland on the northern bank in order to ensure successful drainage. Decades of large scale excavations since 1930s in the area made known 10 mausoleums, one unfinished, and over 1000 small tombs. All these, together with other mausoleums and sacrifice holes discovered later, are of great value for the study of graves of the Shang dynasty.
●殷墟遗址墓葬分布图
Despite various shapes, Yin tombs were all orderly arranged. Large amounts of bronze, jade and pottery artifacts were still unearthed after years of tomb raids，indicating the abundance of the funeral objects that were buried.
规模宏大的殷王陵造型不一，但布局却十分规范整齐。这些墓葬尽管大多都遭受到了不同程度的盗掘，但仍然出土了大量的青铜器、玉石器、绿松石饰等精美的殉葬品，由此可以看出当年下葬时陪葬物品的丰富。
●Vessel, bronze ware made in the Shang dynasty
在1004号墓出土的巨大精美的牛方鼎和鹿方鼎，引起了人们的广泛注意。这两个巨鼎造型庞大，上面刻的图案细致精美，是不可多得的艺术精品。墓中还出土了100多个铜头盔，近400把铜戈，300多个铜矛头，这些武器装备的出土，有力地说明了安阳曾是商代的军事中心。
The Rectangular Ox-head Ding (a bronze ceremonial instrument) and the Rectangular Deer-head Ding (also a bronze ceremonial instrument), unearthed from Tomb No. 1004, have attracted wide attention for both big size and delicate carvings. The discovery of a lot of weapons including more than 100 bronze helmets and 300 bronze spear-heads, and almost 400 dagger-axes also proved Anyang the military center in the Shang dynasty.
殷墟王陵是目前中国所知道的最早的王陵，对研究商代各方面的情况和古代王陵的建造有重要的作用。
The royal tomb area in Yin ruins which is the earliest royal tomb area known in China will contribute to the study of the Shang dynasty in all aspects and the construction of the ancient royal tombs.
●商代青铜器司母戊方鼎
●Xiaozun, owl-shaped drinking-cup, bronze ware made in the late Shang dynasty (left)
殷墟贵族平民墓葬分布广泛，有单纯的墓葬区，也有的分布于居住点的外围。有些贵族墓葬规模很大，陪葬品也极为精美丰富，比较出名的就是妇好墓。
Drinking-cup decorated with gold tiger and ivory handles, bronze ware made in the Shang dynasty (right)
妇好墓在1976年被发掘，妇好是商王的妻子，地位显赫，所以在墓中出土了大量的珍贵文物，其中玉器就有700多件，还有精心雕刻的玉人、龙、凤等，显示了商代晚期极高的雕琢艺术。
Civilian tombs and tombs of nobles at Yin ruins are widely scattered with independent tombs and those located around houses. Some tombs of nobles are quite large with numerous burial objects, among which Tomb of Fu Hao is most frequently referred to.
●商代玉龙
Excavated in 1976, Tomb of Fu Hao was built for Fu Hao, the wife of the 23rd King of the Shang dynasty. Standing at so high a position, the woman had abundant treasures sleeping by her side, including over 700 jade artifacts as well as delicate jade beings, jade phoenixes, and jade dragons, all of which are a mirror to the high carving skills in the late Shang dynasty.
除了青铜艺术品外，从殷墟中还出土了大量的青铜农具，有铲、锄、刀等，这一方面说明商代手工业的发达，另一方面说明农业生产工具的进步和农业生产的发展程度。
Besides, unearthed bronze agricultural tools such as bronze shovels, hoes, and knives also give a glimpse of the advancement of the handicraft industry and the agricultural industry.
