用一个句子作宾语,这个句子就是宾语从句。宾语从句的三大考点是时态、语序和引导词。
15-1 宾语从句的引导词
在含有宾语从句的复合句中,主句与从句之间要有一个连接词来引导从句,这个连接词称为宾语从句的引导词。宾语从句的引导词分三类,一是连接代词that,二是连词if和whether,三是特殊疑问词。
1.that引导的宾语从句
宾语从句是陈述句时,用连词that引导。that在从句中只起引导作用,没有词义,不做句子成分,在口语中常常省略。如:
We believe that he is honest.我们相信他是诚实的。
I suggest that we should go tomorrow.我建议我们应当明天走。
We learnt from his letter that he was in Spain.从他的信里我们了解到他在西班牙。
I didn't know (that)he was Li Lei.我不知道他就是李雷。
She said (that)she would come to the meeting.她说她要来开会。
I promise you (that)I will be there.我答应你我会去。
注意:
不能省略that的8种宾语从句
①宾语从句前有插入语时that不能省略。如:
We hope,on the contrary,that he will stay at home with us.恰恰相反,我们希望他和我们呆在家里。
②宾语从句前有间接宾语时that不能省略。如:
He told me that he was leaving for Japan.他告诉我他要去日本。
③that在与之并列的另一个宾语从句之后不能省略。如:
He said (that)the book was very interesting and that all the children like to read it.他说那本书很有趣,所有小孩都喜欢读。(后一个that不能省略)
④在“it (形式宾语)+宾语补足语”之后的宾语从句that不能省略。如:
I think it necessary that he should stay here.我认为他有必要留在这里。
⑤that从句单独回答问题时不省略that。如:
— What did he hear?他听说什么事了?
— That Kate had passed the exam.(他听说)凯特考试及格了。
⑥在except,but等介词后的宾语从句that不能省略。如:
He has no special fault except that he smokes too much.他除了抽烟太多之外,没有什么特别的毛病。
⑦为了强调宾语把从句位于句首时,that不能省略。如:
That our team will win,I believe.我相信我们队会赢。
⑧在较为正式的场合或不常用的动词(如reply,object)后通常不省略that。如:
He replied that he disagreed.他回答说他不同意。
2.if/whether引导的宾语从句
当宾语从句是一般疑问句时,从句要用if或whether引导,if和whether意为“是否”,在句中不做句子成分,也不能省略。
I asked him if he was busy.我问他忙不忙。
I asked him whether he was coming.我问他是否要来。
I don't know if (whether)he'll arrive in time.我不知道他是否能及时到。
I didn't know whether they liked the place.我不知道他们是否喜欢这个地方。
I wonder if it's large enough.我不知道它是否够大。
She didn't say if he was still alive.她没说他是否还活着。
I don't know whether he'll arrive in time.我不知道他是否能及时到。
I asked her whether she agreed.我问她是否同意。
[辨析] if和whether的用法区别:
if引导宾语从句,意思是“是否”,可与whether互换使用,if在口语中用得较多,whether多用于书面语及正式的场合。
(1)在引导否定概念的宾语从句时,只能用if,而不用whether。如:
He asked me if I hadn't finished my work.他问我是否还没有完成那项工作。
(2)在下列情况下多用whether而不用if:
①在动词不定式之前只能用whether,而不用if。如:
I can't decide whether to stay.我不能决定是否留下。
He doesn't know whether to visit that old man again.他不知道是否再去看望那位老人。
②在介词后的宾语从句,只能用whether引导而不用if。如:
His father is worried about whether he will lose his work.他的父亲担心是否会失去工作。
③当宾语从句置于句首表示强调时用whether引导不宜用if。如:
Whether he lives there,I want to know.我想知道他是否住在那里。
④与or not 连用时用whether连接而不用if。如:
I don't know whether or not they will come for our help.我不知道他们是否要来求我们支援。
注意: 若whether和or not不连在一起,在口语中可以用if取代whether,当然也可以用whether。如:
I am not certain if/whether the train will arrive on time or not.我没有把握火车是否准时到达。
I don't care if/whether your car breaks down or not.我不在乎您的车是否会出故障。
⑤在及物动词discuss后的宾语从句中,只能用whether,不能用if。如:
We discussed whether we should make a change in our plan.我们讨论了是否要对我们的计划作一些修改。
⑥在及物动词know后的宾语从句,为避免产生歧义常用whether而不用if引导。如:
Let me know whether he has left for Shanghai.告诉我他是否已经去上海了。
3.特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句
当宾语从句是一个特殊疑问句时,特殊疑问词就是引导词。如:
I don't know who/whom you mean.我不知道你指谁。
Please tell me which you like.请告诉我你喜欢哪一个。
You don't know what you are talking about.你在说什么,你自己也不知道。
He asked why he had to go alone.他问他为什么必须一个人去。
I asked how he was getting on.我问他情况怎样。
He knows where they live.他知道他们住哪里。
I'd like to know when they will let him out.我很想知道他们什么时候会放他出来。
注意:
what引导的宾语从句有两种含义。一是表示疑问,意为“什么”,二是表示“所……的”。如:
I don't know what his name is.我不知道他叫什么名字。
Do you know what he is doing there?你知道他在那里干什么吗?
I take back what I said.我收回我所说的。