[00:00.00]Unit 10 Text A
[00:04.49]Scientific Attitudes
[00:06.97]科学的态度
[00:09.46]Science had its beginning when man started asking questionsabout his environment.
[00:14.18]科学起源于人类开始对自身环境产生疑问的时候.
[00:18.91]He wondered where the sun went at night and why the sky was blue.
[00:22.84]人想知道在夜晚太阳去了哪里以及为什么天空是蓝色的.
[00:26.78]He questioned why the wind blew and the leaves fell.
[00:30.55]至于风为什么吹;叶为什么落,人也感到好奇.
[00:34.32]He thought answers to these and other questions.
[00:37.26]于是人就为这些以及其它问题寻求答案.
[00:40.20]Not all his answers were correct,but at least he did want to know.
[00:44.17]他得到的答案并不都是正确的,但至少那时的人确实是想了解答案是什么.
[00:48.14] Curiosity and Imagination
[00:50.82]求知和想象
[00:53.50]Science began to develop rapidly
[00:56.32]科学开始迅速发展起来
[00:59.14]when man laid aside-his wrong beliefs and began to seek true explanations.
[01:03.87]当人舍弃错误的想法并开始寻求正确的解释的时候,
[01:08.60]Young children are curiously about how things work.
[01:11.84]孩子们对事物是如何运转的感到好奇.
[01:15.08]The child wants to take apart a watch to see what makes it work.
[01:18.71]有的小孩拆开手表,看看是什么使它走个不停.
[01:22.34]Benjamin Franklin wondered about lightning.
[01:25.62]本杰明.富兰克林对闪电很感兴趣.
[01:28.89]He combined his curiosity with imagination
[01:31.77]他把求知和想象结合起来,
[01:34.64]and carried out his well-known experiment to show that lightning and
[01:38.61]进行了一次著名的实验,
[01:42.58]an electric spark are the same thing.
[01:45.56]证明闪电和电火花是同一种事物.
[01:48.54]Curiosity and imagination are important qualities
[01:51.57]求知和想象是两种重要发素质,
[01:54.60]which helps stimulate the discovery of new facts and advance science.
[01:58.99]它们有助于激励新事实的发现有效期推动科学向前发展.
[02:03.38]Belief in Cause and Effect
[02:06.05]相信因果关系
[02:08.73]Scientifically minded people believe in a "cause-and-effect" relationship
[02:12.66]有科学头脑的人相信"因果"关系.
[02:16.59]They feel there is a perfectly natural explanation for everything.
[02:20.12]他们感到任何一种事物都有一个完全自然的解释.
[02:23.65]For example,
[02:25.42]例如,
[02:27.20]there is a good reason why some leaves turn redand others yellow in the fall.
[02:31.29]对于为什么有的树叶在秋天会变红,而另一些树叶则变黄这一现象应有合理的原因.
[02:35.38]Changes such as these, which are easily observed,are called phenomena.
[02:39.15]像树叶变色被子人们完全理解,甚至有一些现象在今天还完全无法解释.
[02:42.93]Some common phenomena,however, are not completely understood.
[02:46.71]像树叶变色这样容易观察到的变化被称为现象.
[02:50.50]Still others cannot be explained at all at this time.
[02:54.03]然而,有些常见的现象还没有被人们完全了解,甚至有一些现象在今天还完全无法解释.
[02:57.55]In cases where the explanation is unknown
[03:00.38]在对一些现象的解释还不为人们所知的情况下,
[03:03.20]the scientific point of viewis that there is a reason if it can only be discovered.
[03:07.13]科学的观点是,其中必胡原因,只是尚未被发现罢了.
[03:11.06]Being Open-Minded
[03:12.98]心胸开阔
[03:14.90]Open,mindedness is also extremely important to a scientific attitude.
[03:19.33]开阔的心胸在科学态度中也是极其重要的品质.
[03:23.76]This mesns the ability to face the facts as they are
[03:26.88]这指的是有能力面对现存的事实
[03:30.00]regardless of what one has previously thought.
[03:32.78]而不管自己原来想法如何.
[03:35.56]It includes an ability to accept new
[03:37.93]这包括能够接受新的,
[03:40.29]and sometimes even disagreeable ideas
[03:43.23]有时甚至自己不赞同的观点.
[03:46.17]The worker in science must face facts whether they are pleasantor unpleasant.
[03:50.35]科学工作者必须尊重事实,不论这些事实是否令人愉快.
[03:54.53]He must expect many failures and be willing to try again.
[03:58.00]他必须预见到可能会有许多失败,但他大气愿再作尝试.
[04:01.48]Thomas Edison failed thousands of times
[04:04.72]托马斯.爱迪生在
[04:07.95]before he succeededin producing the first electric lamp.
[04:11.59]成功地制造出第一个电灯前就曾失败了上千次.
[04:15.22]The solutions to real problems cannot be seen in advance.
[04:19.04]解决实际问题的办法江不能预见.
[04:22.87]Scientists must be able to change their thinking
[04:25.55]科学家必须能够改变思路,
[04:28.23]and to adapt their theories to new facts as they are discovered.
[04:31.35]并使自己的理论符合新发现的事实.
[04:34.47]The mind cannot be made up once and for all
[04:37.55]思想不能一劳永逸,一成不变.
[04:40.63]New knowledge may make a change in thinking necessary.
[04:43.91]新知识使得改变思想很必要.
[04:47.19]This is another way of saying that man's understandingis always less than perfect.
[04:51.92]这也说明人对事物的理解总不能尽善尽美.
[04:56.65]What is accepted as true often is relatively,and not absolutely, true.
[05:00.42]被作为真理接受的东西通常是相对正确,而非绝对正确.
[05:04.20]A scientific truth offers an explanation that is acceptable
[05:07.53]科学的真理提供的某一种解释是可接受的,
[05:10.86]only in the light of what is known at a particular time.
[05:14.29]只是相对于某一特定时间内人们的知识水平而言的.
[05:17.73]Respect for the Views of Others
[05:20.46]尊重别人的观点
[05:23.19]Another part of a scientific attitudeis respect for the views of others.
[05:27.21]科学态度的另一个重要的方面是尊重别人的观点.
[05:31.23]This is easy when these views are like one's own.
[05:34.21]当别人的观点与自己的相符合时,这很容易.
[05:37.19]The difficulty comes up when their ideas are different.
[05:39.87]困难来自尊重与自己不同的意见.
[05:42.54]Views which are entirely new or foreign may also be hard to accept.
[05:46.72]全新或外来的观点也是接受起来很困难的.
[05:50.90]New ideas are frequently very slow to be accepted.
[05:54.29]新观点经常是很慢才被大家认可.
[05:57.67]Scientists such as Galileo, Louis Pasteur,
[06:00.84]像伽利略,巴斯德
[06:04.02]and Edward Jenner were laughed at
[06:06.25]和金纳这些大科学家
[06:08.48]because they held theories that were not accepted.
[06:11.11]因为自己的理论不被接受而曾受人嘲笑.
[06:13.73]Respect for new ideas is important for continued progressin all fields of knowledge.
[06:18.57]所以尊重新观点对在所有知识领域里不断取得进步都很重要.
[06:23.40]Opinions Based on Evidence
[06:25.72]观点应有根据
[06:28.05]Sometimes evidence is not complete.
[06:30.94]有时证据并不充分.
[06:33.82]It may take time for new facts to become available.
[06:37.09]新事实的获得可能需要一段时间,
[06:40.35]When they are available, a person may have to change his mind.
[06:43.17]而在获得了这些事实以后,人们可能会改变主意.
[06:46.00]New findings may also require a "wait-and-see" attitude.
[06:49.72]新发现也需要一种"等着瞧"的态度.
[06:53.44]For example, there is an experiment on the sprouting of seeds
[06:56.63]例如,有一个关于种子发芽的
[06:59.81]which has been running for more than 50 years.
[07:02.74]研究实验曾进行了50多年.
[07:05.67]The purpose is to determine how long a time
[07:08.54]实验的目的是
[07:11.41]seeds can be buried in the ground
[07:13.59]要发现种子在地下可以埋藏多久
[07:15.77]and still grow when proper conditions for growth exist.
[07:19.35]以后仍能在适宜生长的条件下发芽.

[07:22.93]Text B
[07:25.68]Solving Problems Scientifically
[07:27.74]科学地解决问题
[07:29.80]There are scientific ways in which man solves problems.
[07:32.64]人们解决问题有许多科学的方法.
[07:35.47]Once his curiosity has been aroused,
[07:37.60]一旦一个人产生了好奇心,
[07:39.73]he uses certain methods and procedures
[07:41.86]他会采取一些方法和步骤
[07:43.99]to obtain new knowledgeand greater understanding.
[07:46.56]来获取新知识和更深的理解.
[07:49.13]Although the methods are not always the same,
[07:51.56]虽然方法不尽相同,
[07:53.99]there are usually certain elements in the procedures that are similar.
[07:56.63]在职解决问题的步骤中有些因素却通常是相似的.
[07:59.27]Recognizing the Problem
[08:01.01]认识问题
[08:02.74]Problems must first of all be recognized.
[08:04.81]首先必须认识问题.只有提出正确的问题.
[08:06.87]The right answers can be obtained only if the fight questions are asked
[08:10.10]只有提出正确的问题,才以找到正确的答案.
[08:13.32]A thoroughly understood problem is well started toward solution.
[08:16.46]一个被理解透彻的问题实际上已经朝着解决它的方向趣一大步.
[08:19.59]Problems arise in a variety of ways.
[08:21.66]问题出现的方式有多种多样.
[08:23.72]Sometimes they grow out of a chance observation.
[08:26.38]有时它们会从偶然的观察中得来.
[08:29.05]They may result from reading,
[08:30.79]有时会产生于阅读,
[08:32.52]from laboratory experimentsor simply from thinking.
[08:35.20]实验,或仅仅是思考.
[08:37.88]They also may result from new developments
[08:40.20]问题也可能自于新的开发领域
[08:42.53]or from new or different human needs.
[08:44.64]或者人类新的不同的需求.
[08:46.76]Today, for example,
[08:48.38]例如,在现代社会,
[08:50.00]problems are arising from new discoveries in the fields of nuclear physics,
[08:53.47]问题多产生于核物理,
[08:56.95]biological engineering and micro electronics.
[08:59.62]生物工程和微电子领域的新发现.
[09:02.30]The development of industry
[09:04.08]工业的发展
[09:05.85]has also brought about large numbersof problems which have to be solved.
[09:08.88]也带来了大量的急需解决的问题.
[09:11.92]Collecting Information
[09:13.53]搜集信息
[09:15.15]Next, the scientist tries to learn as much as possible about it.
[09:18.33]其次,科学家就尽可能多地了解问题.
[09:21.50]Often this means going to the library
[09:23.98]通常是去图书馆
[09:26.47] and studying bookswhich contain accounts of man' s experience
[09:29.20]研究有关阐述这个问题的经验n
[09:31.92]and knowledge of the problem.
[09:33.61]和知识的书籍.\
[09:35.29]This is called searching the literature.
[09:37.37]这个过程被称为查阅文献.
[09:39.45]The scientist may find that others have already solved all
[09:42.18]科学家可能会发现别人已经全部
[09:44.91]or a part of the problem.
[09:46.79]或部分地解决了这个问题.
[09:48.67]Occasionally he finds answers to closely related questions
[09:51.54]偶尔他会发现和此问题
[09:54.42]which give clues for solving the new one.
[09:56.45]密切关系的另一些问题的答案,而这些答案正提供了解决新问题的线索.
[09:58.49]In his search the scientist accumulates much background information.
[10:01.67]科学家在查阅文献中积累了丰富的背景材料.
[10:04.84]With these new ideas and facts
[10:07.11]凭借这些新观点和事实,
[10:09.38]he builds a firm foundationfor solving the problem.
[10:11.87]他就打下了解决问题的坚实基础.
[10:14.35]Organizing the Information
[10:16.12]组织信息
[10:17.90]After the scientist has finished this part of his work
[10:20.72]在科学家完成了收集信息的工作后,
[10:23.54]he will probably take the many facts which he has collected
[10:26.34]他将把收集所得
[10:29.13]and organize them into some kind of system.
[10:31.50]组织成一个系统.
[10:33.86]This may be a logical classification
[10:35.93]这可能是逻辑分类,
[10:37.99]or it may be a mathematical analysis
[10:40.12]也可能是数学分析.
[10:42.25]Usually the analysis will show unanswered questions.
[10:44.88]一般这样的分析会暴露一些未解决的问题.
[10:47.52]Sometimes it will suggest areas that are in need of further study.
[10:50.40]有时还会联想出一些需要进一步研究的领域.
[10:53.27]Perhaps one of the most important results of such an analysis
[10:55.79]这种分析的最重要成果之一
[10:58.31]is that it indicates certain truths,
[11:00.49]是它会提示某些真理,
[11:02.67]which generally are called inferences.
[11:04.71]这通常称为推论.
[11:06.75]Making a Hypothesis
[11:08.47]提出假说
[11:10.20]In making an inference the scientist has built up a hypothesis.
[11:13.62]在推论的过程中,科学家建立了假说.
[11:17.04]A hypothesis is only a "best" guess.
[11:19.26]假说只不过是一个"最佳"猜测.
[11:21.48]It must next be tested.
[11:23.26]它必须进一步被验证.
[11:25.04]If it is correct, then certain things should follow.
[11:27.56]如果它是正确的,那么某些事情就会随之而来.
[11:30.08]This means if a particular experiment is carried out,
[11:32.61]也就是说,如果进行了一个特定的实验,
[11:35.14]certain observations ought to be possible
[11:37.57]就有可能观察到某些现象,
[11:40.00]or it should be possible to make certain predictions.
[11:42.48]或者做出某些预测.
[11:44.97]Should the observations or predictions turn out to be as expected
[11:47.91]如果观察结果或预测出现的情况愉如所料,
[11:50.84]the scientist has added confidence in the probable truth of his hypothesis
[11:54.37]科学家就有更多的信心,认为他的假说是正确的.
[11:57.90]If,however,observations cannot be made or the predictions are unreliable
[12:01.68]不过,如果观察不到任何现象或预测不可靠,
[12:05.47]then the hypothesis will probably be given up or at least modified.
[12:09.05]那么假说就可能被放弃,或至少被修正.
[12:12.63]The Experiment
[12:14.05]做实验
[12:15.48]The hypothesis must check with the facts.
[12:17.76]必须用事实对假说进行检验.
[12:20.05]Scientific facts are usually established by work in the laboratory.
[12:23.13]科学事实通常由实验室的工作予以确立.
[12:26.21]Experiments have to be made under carefully controlled conditions.
[12:29.49]实验须在严格控制的条件下进行.
[12:32.77] Thorough and accurate records must be kept.
[12:35.34]必须全面,精确地记录实验结果.
[12:37.92]In making certain kinds of experiments in science variables are used.
[12:41.39]在做某些种类的科学实验中,要用到变量.
[12:44.87]A variable is something
[12:46.48]变量指
[12:48.10]which has different values under different conditions.
[12:50.64]在不同条件下有不同数值的东西.
[12:53.17]In one type of laboratory test
[12:55.35]在做某种实验时,
[12:57.53]all the variables but one are controlled.
[12:59.91]除一种变量之外,所有其它变量都要控制,
[13:02.29]This method of testing is called controlled experimentation.
[13:05.52]这种实验方法叫做对照实验.