[00:00.00]Unit 16 text A
[00:04.41]Heart Disease: Treat or Prevent ?
[00:07.04]心脏病：治疗还是预防？
[00:09.67]One of the greatest killers in the Western world is heart disease.
[00:13.10]西方世界的最大杀手之一就是心脏病。
[00:16.54]The death rate from the disease
[00:18.86]因心脏病造成的死亡率
[00:21.19]has been increasingat an alarming speed for the past thirty years.
[00:25.01]在过去30年中一直以惊人的速度增加。
[00:28.84]Today in Britain, for example,
[00:31.06]例如现在英国
[00:33.28]about four hundred peoplea day die of heart disease.
[00:36.47]每天大约有400人死于心脏病。
[00:39.65]Western health-care systems are spending
[00:42.14]西方的卫生保健系统每年都耗费
[00:44.62]huge sums of moneyon the surgical treatment of the disease.
[00:48.25]大量的金钱于该病的外科治疗。
[00:51.88]This emphasis on treatment
[00:54.26]这种对治疗的强调
[00:56.63]is dearly associated with the technological advances that have taken place in the past ten to fifteen years.
[01:02.16]显然是与过去10-15年中出现的技术进步联系在一起的。
[01:07.68]In this time,
[01:09.60]在这段时间里，
[01:11.52]modem technology has enabled doctors to develop new surgical techniques and procedures.
[01:16.24]现代技术已能使医生研究出新的外科治疗技术和方法。
[01:20.95]Many operations that were considered impossible a few years ago
[01:24.28]几年前被认为是不可能实施的很多手术
[01:27.61]are now performed every day in U.S.hospitals.
[01:30.64]现在美国的医院里每天都做。
[01:33.68]The result has been a rapid in heart surgery.
[01:37.06]其结果是心脏手术数量的迅速增加。
[01:40.44]Although there is no doubt that a large number of people benefit from heart surgery,
[01:44.41]虽然很多人无疑受益于心脏外科手术，
[01:48.38]critics of our health-care systems point out that
[01:51.65]批评我们卫生保健系统的人指出，
[01:54.91] the emphasis on the surgical treatment of the diseasehas three clear disadvantages.
[01:59.69]强调对心脏病进行外科手术有三个明显的不利之处。
[02:04.47]First,it attracts interest and financial resources away from the question of prevention.
[02:10.36]第一，它把我们的兴趣和财力引离预防。
[02:16.25]Second,it causes the costs of general hospital care to rise.
[02:20.67]第二，它使得医院总的医护费用增加。
[02:25.08]After hospitals buy the expensivc equipment that is necessary for modern heart surgery,
[02:29.17]医院购买了进行现代化的外科手术所必需的昂贵设备之后，
[02:33.26]they must try to recover the money they have spent.
[02:36.13]必须设法收回它花掉的钱。
[02:39.01]To do this, they raise costs for all their patients,
[02:42.64]要做到这一点，医院提高了所有病人的费用，
[02:46.27]not just those patients whose treatment requires the equipment.
[02:49.55]而不仅是那些需要用这些设备治疗的病人。
[02:52.83]The third disadvantage is that doctors are encouraged to perform surgery
[02:57.01]第三个不利之处是鼓励医生做外科手术，
[03:01.19]even on patients for whom an operation is not at all necessary
[03:05.27]甚至对那些完全不需要手术的病人也是如此，
[03:09.36]because the equipment and surgical expertise is available.
[03:12.63]因为已经成为具备了设备和进行外科手术的知识和本领。
[03:15.89]A federal government office recently said that major heart surgery
[03:19.72]联邦政府的一个办公室最近声称，
[03:23.55]was often performed even though its chances of success were low.
[03:27.12]医院常常进行重大的心脏外科手术，即使这些手术的成功率很低。
[03:30.70]In One type of heart surgery,for example
[03:33.19]例如有一种心脏外科手术，
[03:35.67]only 15 percent of patients benefited from the surgery.
[03:39.39]只有百分之十五的病人从中受益。
[03:43.11]In the recent past, medical researchers have begun to emphasize the fact
[03:47.38]最近一段时间，医疗研究人员已经开始强调
[03:51.65]that heart disease is associated with stress,
[03:54.74]心脏病与紧张，
[03:57.82]smoking and a lack of exercise
[04:00.80]吸烟和缺乏体育锻炼有关，
[04:03.77]and we can often reduce the risk of heart disease by paying more attention to these factors.
[04:08.15]我们如更加注意这些因素常常就能减少得心脏病的危险。
[04:12.53]More and more people
[04:14.51]越来越多的人正认识到，
[04:16.50]are realizing that there is a connection between heart disease and the way they live.
[04:20.77]在心脏病和他们的生活方式之间存在一种联系。
[04:25.04]As a result of this new awareness,attitudes toward health are changing
[04:28.81]由于有了这种新的认识，对待健康的态度正在改变。
[04:32.59]In the past,
[04:34.52]过去人们总是认为，
[04:36.45]people tended to think that it was sufficient for good health to have a good doctor who could be relied on to know exactly what to do when they became ill.
[04:42.93]要想身体好，能依靠个好大夫，生病的时候准确地知道怎么做就足够了。
[04:49.41]Now they are realizing that merely receiving the best treatment for illness or injury is not enough.
[04:54.94]现在他们认识到，生病或受伤的时候仅仅接受最好的治疗是不够的。
[05:00.46]They are learning that they must take more responsibility for their own health.
[05:04.68]他们正在懂得，他们应为自己的健康承担起更多的责任。
[05:08.90]Today many people are changing their dietary habits and eating food with less fat and cholesterol.
[05:14.07]今天很多人正在改变他们的饮食习惯并且吃含有较少脂肪和胆固醇的食物。
[05:19.24]Many are paying more attention to reducing stress in their lives.
[05:22.96]很多人注意减轻他们生活的紧张程度。
[05:26.69]The number of smokers in the United States is now far below the level of twenty years ago
[05:32.42]现在美国吸烟的人的数目比20年前少得多，
[05:38.16]as many people succeed in breaking the habit and as fewer people take it up
[05:42.69]因为很多人成功地戒掉了吸烟的习惯和更少的人染上吸烟的习惯。
[05:47.22]More and more people are aware of the benefits of regularexercise like walking,
[05:51.61]越来越多的人认识到经常进行锻炼，如走路、
[05:56.00]running,or swimming;
[05:58.18]跑步或游泳的好处。
[06:00.36]some have begun to walk or ride bicycles to work instead of driving.
[06:04.08]有些人已经成不再开车，而是步行或骑自行车去上班。
[06:07.80]Millions have become members of health clubs
[06:10.44]几百万人已成为健康俱乐部的会员，
[06:13.08]and have made health clubs one of the fastest growing businesses in the united States today.
[06:17.56]使健康俱乐部成了当今美国发展最迅速的事业之一。
[06:22.04]And now the benficial effects of thess changing attitudesand behaviors are beginning to appear;
[06:26.96]这些态度和行为的转变现在已经开始显示出有益的效果：
[06:31.89]an encouraging decrease in deaths from heart disease.
[06:35.43]因患心脏病而死亡的人数令人感到鼓舞地减少了。

[06:38.97]Text B
[06:41.89]Dieting Your Way to Health
[06:43.92]节食，通向健康之路
[06:45.94]Almost everyone considers going on a diet sometime in his or her life
[06:49.03]几乎每个人都在一生中某个时刻都会考虑节食。
[06:52.11]All, regardless of sex and age,
[06:54.34]所有的人，不管年龄特和性别，
[06:56.57]have something in commonlosing weight and losing it fast.
[06:59.54]都有一个共同之处———这就是减轻体重，并且减得快些。
[07:02.50]Though their common aim may seem basically good,
[07:04.92]虽然他们的共同目的看来基本是好的，
[07:07.34]they probably do not realize that misguided dieting
[07:09.96]但他们大概没有认识到，误导的节食
[07:12.59]can do more harm than good to their health:
[07:14.87]对身体健康的害处可能比好处大。
[07:17.16]Going on too strict a diet
[07:19.08]过分节食
[07:21.00]can destroy the balance of chemicalsin the human body.
[07:23.43]能够破坏身体内部化学成分的平衡。
[07:25.86]This happens because when the body is suddenly given much less food than usual,
[07:28.98]这种现象之所以发生是因为如果供给身体的食物突然比平常减少许多，
[07:32.10]it feels as though it is being attacked
[07:34.18]身体会感到它仿佛受到攻击，
[07:36.25]and tries hard to protect itself by saving energy.
[07:38.93]于是就努力节省能量来保护自己。
[07:41.61]It does this by slowing down metabolism,
[07:44.18]它这样做是通过减缓新陈代谢，
[07:46.76]the process by which the food we eat is converted into energy.
[07:49.68]即食物转化成能量的过程。
[07:52.61]As energy is supplied to the body at a slower and slower rate,
[07:55.59]由于能量供给身体的速度愈来愈慢，
[07:58.56]dieters gradually become so weak that they can do nothing.
[08:01.29]节食者们的身体就日渐衰弱，以至什么事情都无力去做。
[08:04.02]They soon lose interest in everything going on about them,
[08:06.66]他们很快对身边发生的一切都失去兴趣，
[08:09.30]and their resistance to illness becomes so low
[08:11.78]他们对疾病的抵抗力变得如此之小，
[08:14.26]that they are easily attacked by one illness after another.
[08:17.04]以致他们很容易接连不断地得病。
[08:19.83]Most of those who diet know that foods like rice,
[08:22.41]大部分节食的人都知道，像米饭、
[08:25.00]bread potatoes,cakes,sweets,fruits
[08:28.42]面包、土豆、蛋糕、糖果、水果
[08:31.84]and some vegetables contain carbohydrates, and so can make one fat.
[08:34.96]以及某些蔬菜这样的食物含有碳水化合物，所以能使人发胖。
[08:38.09]What they do not realize, however,
[08:40.16]然而他们没有认识到，
[08:42.24]is that carbohydratesare our bodies' main source of energy,
[08:44.97]碳水化合物是我们身体的主要能源，
[08:47.70]and that these foods also contain components
[08:50.08]并且这些食物还含有一些成分，
[08:52.45]essential for the composition of substances
[08:54.83]这些成分对构成保持身体健康
[08:57.21]that are needed to keep the body healthy.
[08:59.28]所需要的物质是必不可少的。
[09:01.36]As a result,they try to avoid eating these foods,
[09:03.99]因为他们不认识这一点，所以他们尽量避免吃这些食物，
[09:06.61]and consequently, they become weaker and less healthy.
[09:09.64]结果身体变弱，健康变差。
[09:12.67]They begin to have difficulty sleeping properly
[09:15.01]他们开始睡不好觉，
[09:17.35]and start to suffer from radical mood changes.
[09:19.69]并且情绪开始发生根本变化。
[09:22.02]In more serious cases,they even begin to show signs of mental illness.
[09:25.15]更为严重的情况是，他们甚至开始表现出精神病的征兆。
[09:28.27]It is strange enough that most strict diets
[09:30.45]很奇怪，大部分严格规定的食物中
[09:32.63]recommend artificial sweetenersto take the place of sugar
[09:35.36]都建议用人工甜味剂代替糖
[09:38.09]and other natural sweeteners.
[09:39.87]和其他的天然甜味剂。
[09:41.64]In fact, such artificial sweeteners actually increase one's appetite
[09:44.92]事实上，人工添加剂会增加人们的食欲，
[09:48.20]and lead to one's eating even mom than usual.
[09:50.63]使他们甚至比平常吃得还多。
[09:53.06]Of course, the fact that misguided forms of dieting resultin so many problems
[09:56.28]当然，训导的节食产生如此多的问题
[09:59.51]does not mean that no dieting is safeor all dieting is harmful to the health.
[10:03.08]并不意味着所有的节食都不安全或者所有的节食都对身体有害。
[10:06.64]Proper dieting can not only help a person me ugly excess fat,
[10:10.18]恰当的节食不仅能帮助一个人去掉难看的多余脂肪，
[10:13.72]but can also help him or her to keep it off
[10:16.36]并还能帮助他或她使减少的脂肪不会反弹，
[10:19.00]and to lead a more activehappier and healthier life.
[10:22.08]从而过一个更活跃、更幸福，更健康的生活。
[10:25.16]You might ask just what a proper diet is.
[10:27.34]你可能会问什么是恰当的节食。
[10:29.52]Well, simply expressed, a proper healthy diet is one that is well-balanced,
[10:32.91]简而言之，恰当的健康的节食就是平衡的节食，
[10:36.29]or, in other words, one that includes enough
[10:38.82]或者，换句话说，
[10:41.36]but not too many of the kinds of foods that provide the body
[10:44.58]这种饮食的食物种类不是过多，
[10:47.81]with the nutrients that it needs to function properly.
[10:50.15]而是足以提供给身体正常运行所需的营养。
[10:52.49]The most important of these nutrients are the macronutrients proteins,
[10:55.36]这些营养中最重要的是大量营养素：
[10:58.23]carbohydrates and fats.
[11:00.95]蛋白质、碳水化合物和脂肪。
[11:03.67]The body needs fairly large amounts of proteins and carbohydrates
[11:06.63]人体需要相当大量的蛋白质，
[11:09.60]for building material and energy.
[11:11.58]和脂肪构成人体的物质和能源。
[11:13.57]Meat, fish, eggs, milk, cream, and nuts all contain proteins
[11:17.94]肉，鱼，蛋，奶，奶油和果仁都含有蛋白质，
[11:22.32]and foods like rice, bread, potatoes, etc.contain carbohydrates.
[11:26.25]而像米饭、面包、土豆等一类的食物则都含有碳水化合物。
[11:30.18]The body needs fat to keep it from the cold
[11:32.61]人体需要脂肪酸来御寒
[11:35.04]and to provide a protective layer for the organs,
[11:37.52]和给各个器官提供保护层，
[11:40.00]but only in small quantities.
[11:42.03]但需要量很少。
[11:44.05]Vitamins and minerals such as iron, calcium,
[11:46.87]维生素和矿物质，如铁、钙等，
[11:49.69]are another group of essential nutrients,
[11:51.92]是另一组基本养料，
[11:54.14]though the body does not need as great a quantity of these
[11:56.96]虽然人体对它们的需要不像对大量营养素
[11:59.78]as it does the macronutrients proteins, carbohydrates and fats.
[12:03.11]（蛋白质、碳水化合物和脂肪）的需要量那么大。
[12:06.44]There are two types of vitamins water-soluble vitamins and fatsoluble vitamins.
[12:10.37]有两种维生素：水溶性维生素和脂溶性维生素。
[12:14.30]Water-soluble vitamins like vitamin C and the B-group vitamins
[12:17.58]水溶性维生素，如维生素C和B类维生素
[12:20.86]do not stay in the body long
[12:22.78]在人体中停留的时间不长，
[12:24.70]and so foods containing these vitamins need to be taken rather often.
[12:27.64]所以需要经常吃含有这些维生素的食物。
[12:30.58]On the other hand,the fat-soluble vitamins
[12:33.36]另一方面，脂溶性维生素，
[12:36.14]vitamins A,D,E and K stay in the body for long periods of time
[12:40.76]如维生素A、D、E和K在人体中停留很长时间，
[12:45.39]and so there is no need to take foods containing them so often.
[12:48.61]所以没有必要那么经常吃含有这些维生素的食物。
[12:51.84]One way of getting enough nutrients while keeping one's weight down
[12:54.78]能够获得足够的营养但又能保持体重下降的一个办法是吃代用品，
[12:57.72]is to take substitutes for foods which contain too much fat.
[13:00.75]来代替含有过多脂肪的食物。
[13:03.78]For example, instead of regular milk, one can take skimmed milk,
[13:07.16]例如，可以喝脱脂奶而不喝普通奶，
[13:10.54]which contains as many proteins minerals as regular milk
[13:13.33]因为脱脂奶的蛋白质和矿物质与普通奶一样多，
[13:16.11]but has had the fat feinted,
[13:18.24]但其中的脂肪已经除掉了。
[13:20.37]In the same way,
[13:22.00]同样，
[13:23.63]vegetable oil can be used for cooking instead of animal oil.
[13:26.90]做菜时可以用植物油而不用动物油。