考点1 状语从句常见引导词
根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等从句。常用引导词如下表:
1. when的用法
(1)when表示时间点和时间段。有时相当于as soon as/immediately/instantly/directly等词的意思。when用于固定结构“hardly/scarcely... when...”,此时when 可换作before。注意:当把hardly/scarcely放句首时,句子需部分倒装。
We will start when the monitor comes. 班长一来,我们就出发。
I had hardly arrived home last night when it began to rain.=Hardly had I arrived home last night when it began to rain. 昨晚我一到家,就开始下雨了。
(2)when 有时可译为“如果……”,相当于if,引导条件状语从句。
Smog will be distant from us when everyone fights against pollution.
如果人人反对污染,雾霾就会远离我们。
(3)when可作并列连词,引导并列分句,意为“突然……”或“这时……”,表示一个动作“正在发生”“即将发生”“刚刚完成”时突然插入另一个动作。when相当于and just time或and just at that time,常用于下列三种句型:was/were doing... when...; was/were about to do(on the point of doing)... when...; had done... when...例如:
I was walking along the river when I heard a drowning boy crying for help.
我正沿着河边走,突然听到一个溺水儿童的呼救。
I was about to go out when an unexpected visitor came.
我正要出门,一位不速之客来访了。
We had just planted 100 trees when it began to rain.
我们刚刚栽完100棵树,就开始下雨了。
2. while的用法
while表示时间段,作并列连词,表示前后对比。while引导的让步状语从句多放在句首,相当于although,表示“尽管,虽然”。
There’s plenty of rain in the southeast, while there’s little in the northeast.
东南部雨量充足,而东北部则很少下雨。
While I understand what you say, I can’t agree with you.
虽然我理解你的意思,但我还是不能赞同你。
注意
① when引导的时间状语从句既可放在句首,也可放在句末;而while引导的让步状语从句一般放在句首,不放在句末;另外,也可以从意义上加以区分。
② while和when都可以引导时间状语从句,但应注意:while引导的时间状语从句中的谓语动词必须是延续性的动词;而when引导的时间状语从句中的谓语动词既可以是延续性动词,也可以是非延续性动词。当时间状语从句中的谓语动词是延续性动词时,while和when 可以互相替换。例如:
The bus had left when we arrived at the bus stop. 当我们到达车站时,公共汽车已经开走了。(arrive是非延续性动词,因此,此句中的when不能用while替换)
When/While we were having a meeting, our teacher came in. 我们正在开会时,老师走了进来。(have是延续性动词,因此,句中的when可以用while替换)
③ while引导的状语从句还可以表示“某个动作正在进行的同时,另一个动作也在进行之中”。例如:
While the teacher was speaking, the students were listening. 老师在讲课,学生们在听。
3. as的用法
(1)as与when, while都是引导时间状语从句的从属连词,含义都是“当……的时候”。as意为at the same time that“正当……;与……同时”,它兼指“时间点”和“时间段”,从句的动词既可是延续性动词,也可是非延续性动词,意为“一边……一边……”,“随着”。
The door bell rang as we were having breakfast. 正当我们吃早饭的时候,门铃响了。
As the time went on(=With the time going on), the weather got worse and worse.
随着时间的推移,天气越来越糟。
(2)while意为during the time that“在……期间”,指一个“时间段”,不能表达“时间点”,从句的动词只限于延续性动词;when意为at the time that“在……时”,多指“时间点”。
Strike while the iron is hot. 趁热打铁。
It was snowing when he arrived at the construction site. 他到达工地时正在下雪。
(3)as可以引导让步状语从句。as与although(或though),however(或no matter how)等都可以引导让步状语从句,含义是“虽然,尽管”,但它们有区别:although语气稍正式些,可放在句首,也可放在句中,主句中不能再用but,但可以用yet;as所表达的语气较强,引导的让步状语从句用倒装语序;however引导让步状语从句时,它的后面可跟形容词或副词,也要用倒装语序。
Strange as it may seem, nobody was injured in the accident.
这次意外虽然很奇怪,却没有人受伤。
Young as he is, he knows everything. 尽管小,他什么都知道。
还可表达为:
Though he is young, he knows everything.
Young though he is, he knows everything.
Although he is young, he knows everything.
However young he is, he knows everything.
另外,though还可以作为副词,意为“可是,然而,不过;话虽这样说”,一般位于句尾。
I wish you had told me, though. 不过,我希望你曾告诉过我。
He said he would come, he didn’t, though. 他说他要来,可是他并没有来。
另外,as还可以引导原因状语从句。
As rain has fallen, the air is cooler. 因为下过雨,空气比较清爽。
4. so/such... that... 均可引导结果状语从句
该句型中的such是形容词,修饰名词;so是副词,修饰形容词或副词,具体的搭配形式是:“so+adj./adv.+that”,“so+adj.(+a/an)+n.+that”;“such(+a/an)(+adj.)+n.+that”。
He speaks so fast that no one can catch him. 他说话太快,无人听得明白。
He’s such a good person that we mustn’t blame him.
他是这么好的人,我们千万不要怪他。
There is so rapid an increase(=such a rapid increase)in population that a food shortage is caused. 人口增长如此迅速,以致造成了粮食短缺。
They are such fine teachers that we all hold them in great respect.
他们是非常好的老师,我们对他们极为尊敬。
It is such nice weather that I would like to go to the beach. 天气如此好,我想去海滩。
The country has so much coal that it can export large quantities. 那个国家的煤炭非常丰富,可以大量出口。(so与表示数量的代词many, few, much, little等连用已经形成固定搭配,不能换用such)
5. It be... since/before/when... 从句归纳
6. 其他连词(或副词、名词)
· after 在……之后
· before 在……之前
· since 自从……(引导时间状语从句,主句需使用完成时态)
· once 一旦……(也可用作副词,意为“曾经,一度”)
· whenever 无论何时,每当……
· immediately/directly 一……就……(相当于as soon as,个别语法学家已经赋予这类副词连词词性)
· the moment/minute 每当……;一……就……(相当于as soon as)
· each/every time 每当……
例如:
Where have you been since I last saw you? 自从我上次见到你以后,你到哪儿去了?
Once you understand this rule, you’ll have no further difficulty.
一旦你明白了这条规则,就再也没有困难了。
Whenever I hear that song, it makes me think of you.
每当我听到那首歌,我就会想起你。
I came immediately/directly I got your message. 一收到你的消息,我就来了。
He said he’d phone you the moment he got home. 他说他一到家就会给你打电话。
I meet up with Julie every time I go to Washington.
每次我去华盛顿的时候,我都会见朱莉。