Day 31 In our region of Trillura, the majority of money spent on the schools that most students attend—the city-run public schools—comes from taxes that each city government collects

The following appeared in a letter to the editor of Parson City's local newspaper.

“In our region of Trillura, the majority of money spent on the schools that most students attend— the city-run public schools— comes from taxes that each city government collects. The region's cities differ, however, in the budgetary priority they give to public education. For example, both as a proportion of its overall tax revenues and in absolute terms, Parson City has recently spent almost twice as much per year as Blue City has for its public schools— even though both cities have about the same number of residents. Clearly, Parson City residents place a higher value on providing a good education in public schools than Blue City residents do.”

Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.

五问：

（1）解题时我们应该先弄清楚 Trillura地区与Parson City以及 Blue City之间是什么关系。“ Clearly, Parson City residents place a higher value on providing a good education in public schools than Blue City residents do”是结论，其余部分是事实，值得反驳吗 ?

（2）两个城市的居民人数相同，就意味着两地的教育支出应该相同吗？居民人数与应该接受教育的居民人数是否完全对应？

（3）适龄儿童是否一定都会到公立学校上学？如果不是，那对政府来说，在公立学校上学与在私立学校上学的教育支出有何不同？私立学校的经费不来自政府财政拨款。

（4）教育支出与哪些要素相关？你能简单地罗列几个吗？并且说说它们会如何影响教育的支出。例如：科研水平、师资力量、学校设施等，要完善这些方面都要增加教育支出。

（5）教育支出更多就代表着居民更加重视吗？政府与居民的态度一定是一致的吗？除了增加教育支出，重视还可以体现在哪些方面？你能简单地罗列几个吗？例如：改革公共教育、完善教育管理体制等。

32 During the past year, Quiot Manufacturing had 30 percent more on-the-job accidents than at the nearby Panoply Industries plant

The following appeared in a memo from a vice president of Quiot Manufacturing.

“During the past year, Quiot Manufacturing had 30 percent more on-the-job accidents than at the nearby Panoply Industries plant, where the work shifts are one hour shorter than ours. Experts say that significant contributing factors in many on-the-job accidents are fatigue and sleep deprivation among workers. Therefore, to reduce the number of on-the-job accidents at Quiot and thereby increase productivity, we should shorten each of our three work shifts by one hour so that employees will get adequate amounts of sleep.”

Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.

五问：

（1）“Therefore, to reduce the number of on-the-job accidents at Quiot and thereby increase productivity, we should shorten each of our three work shifts by one hour so that employees will get adequate amounts of sleep”是结论，其余部分是事实，值得反驳吗？

（2）过去一年的情况会延续到今后吗？另外，专家们所说的是一个普遍性的结论。这个结论一定能够适用于特殊的事例吗？ Quiot工厂是否可能并不符合专家们所说的情形？

（3）除了缺乏睡眠之外，还有哪些因素可能导致工作中的事故？你能罗列一两个，并且说说这些因素是如何增加或减少工作中的事故的吗？例如：员工的技术熟练程度高，会减少工作中发生事故的可能性。

（4）减少事故就必定能够提高生产效率吗？生产效率是由哪些因素决定的？例如：生产设备、绩效奖励机制、人力分配等。是否可能存在这样的情形：生产效率很高的同时工作中的事故率也很高？

（5）增加休息时间就意味着工人们的睡眠时间也增加了吗？你能罗列其他的可能性吗？例如：员工利用增加的休息时间去进行过度的娱乐活动。