完形填空分析 如何确定语言点？
语言点Ⅰ：完形填空中的词汇及短语
解题思路
词汇是完形填空题考查的重点，在完形填空15道题目中占的比例较高。在完形填空题中，主要是考查考生对单词词义的准确把握，特别是对形近词和近义词的考查，同时也注意常见短语结构的考查。
需要指出的是，与以单句形式出现的词汇选择题不同的是，完形填空题对词汇的考核是经常放在上下文语境中进行的，也就是说，多数情况下对这类题目的解答仍然要依靠对上下文的正确理解。具体来说，主要表现在三个一致性：
1．所选词与原文出现过的词的一致性；
2．所选词与原文空格前后的词搭配的一致性，特别是与介词的搭配；
3．所选词与上下文语境在语意上的一致性。
真题回放1
What the French call the "tourism of death" 56 an important contribution to the Iowa economy. (2008年)
56. A. makes
B. brings
C. gives
D. adds
56．A。［解析］本题考查固定搭配make contributions to：对……作出贡献，句意为：被法国人称为“死亡之旅”（的活动）为Iowa的经济作出了巨大的贡献。故A为正确答案。
真题回放2
When I was in my teens (十几岁) and 20s, hitchhiking was a main form of long-distance transport. The kindness or curiosity of strangers took me all over Europe, North America, Asia and southern Africa. Some of the lift-givers became friends, many provided hospitality 52 the road. (2007年)
52. A. above
B. over
C. at
D. on
52．D。［解析］本题考查短语，on the road“在路上”属于固定搭配，其他几个介词都不能和road一起用。故D为正确答案。
真题回放3
These days, "What do you want to do when you grow up?" is the wrong question to ask children in the USA. The 51 should be: "What job are you doing now?" American companies are employing more and more young people as consultants to evaluate products for child consumers. (2006年)
51. A. sentence
B. word
C. answer
D. question
51．D。［解析］本题考查的是词汇。从上下文的语境看，What do you want to do when you grow up，不是一个好的question，那么下文所提到的What job are you doing now与之相对，也应该是一个question。故D为正确答案。
真题回放4
Eric Brown hates shopping. "It's just not enjoyable to me," said the 28-year-old Chicago man who was carrying several shopping bags along the city's main street, Michigan Avenue. "When I'm out 51 , I basically know what I want to get. I rush in. I buy it." (2005年)
51. A. playing
B. fishing
C. shopping
D. going
51．C。［解析］本题考查词汇。空格后文提到I rush in. I buy it，根据这一语境，能推断应是shopping（购物），故C为正确答案。
真题回放5
The attack on the Somme was staged to relieve 52 on the French, who were engaged in a great battle of their own at a place called Verdun. (2008年)
52. A. aggression
B. anxiety
C. pressure
D. resistance
52．C。［解析］这里考查的是词汇。在四个选项中可以和动词relieve搭配的只有anxiety和pressure这两个词，relieve anxiety：减缓焦虑；relieve pressure：减轻压力。从上下文语境来看，当时法国正置身于另一场战役之中，故在Somme发动的这场战役无疑减轻了法国所承受的压力。
Achilles' heel
1．词类错误
词类错误指词根正确但词类错误的词。既有语际错误，又有语内错误。
语际错误是由语言迁移产生的一种错误，即由学习者本族语导致的错误；语内错误则是目的语错误或不完整学习的结果。一方面，英汉语属于不同的语系，它们在词汇和形态上区别很大。汉字没有形态变化，既可用作副词又可用作形容词。然而，英语中，许多形容词后必须加后缀才能构成对应的副词，如easy/easily，correct/correctly。许多考生受汉语影响，常忽略英语实词不同词类的词尾特征而犯词类错误。另一方面，英语单词的后缀形式很复杂，有些后缀可改变词类，如care/careful/carefully/carefulness，有些后缀不改变词类，如memory/memorization，由于这些后缀本身的复杂性，考生很难记住，故容易犯词类错误。
2．替代错误
替代错误指在一定上下文中从语法角度看是正确的，但在语意上却讲不通的词汇错误。替代错误的频次最高，占词汇错误总数的33％，几乎涉及所有词类。英语的同义词非常丰富，如see和look，但完全同义的词非常少。不少人将看报或看书写成see a newspaper or a book，殊不知see和look虽然有时相当于汉语中的“看”，但汉语中的看书、看报实为读书、读报（read a book or newspaper）。
3．省略型错误
省略型错误占词汇错误总数的15.1％。在所有词类中，冠词的省略频次最高，特别是定冠词the。英语中冠词的用法复杂，包括汉语在内的许多语言中都没有与其对应的词。放在形容词前的助动词受汉语表达习惯的影响也易被省略。汉语中，形容词可以直接作谓语，然而，英语中形容词前必须加助动词才能构成谓语。受汉语的影响，连接词和代词也有被省略的情况。实词省略的现象较少，多发生在一些习语和固定词组中。
语言点Ⅱ：完形填空中的从句
解题思路
从句由从属连词引导，内含主语和谓语，意义上像句子，但语法上不能单独成句子。从句在句子中充当句子成分。
这是完形填空试题的一个常见的考点，其中包括主语从句、宾语从句、状语从句等。
真题回放1
Not only did you find out much more about a country than 53 traveling by train or plane, but also there was that element of excitement about where you would finish up that night. (2007年)
53. A. when
B. after
C. before
D. until
53．A。［解析］本题考查的是从句。when traveling by train or plane是一个省略了主语和系动词be的时间状语从句，完整的结构为when you are traveling by train or plane。故A为正确答案。
真题回放2
The software company Microsoft runs a weekly "Kid's Council" at its headquarters in Seattle, 61 a panel of school children give their verdict on the old products and suggest new ones. (2005年)
61. A. there
B. here
C. where
D. which
61．C。［解析］本题考查定语从句。从上下文语境看，这句话的前半部分是完整句子，我们知道逗号不能连接两个完整、独立的句子，所以逗号后只能是从句，因而排除A和B，再看原文是表示地点的，所以选择where。
真题回放3
The old rule that "children should be seen and not heard" is rarely followed, and children are often allowed to do 53 they wish without strict control of their parents. (2003年)
53 A. what
B. that
C. which
D. when
53．A。［解析］本题考查宾语从句。what引导宾语从句，本句大意：孩子们被允许做他们想做的事，不受父母严格的控制。故A为正确答案。
真题回放4
Ninety years ago on a sunny morning in Northern France, something happened that changed Britain and Europe for ever. At half past seven on the morning of July 1, 1916, whistles (哨子) blew and thousands of British soldiers left their positions to attack their German enemies. By the end of the day, 20,000 of them were dead, and another 30,000 wounded or missing. The Battle of the Somme, 51 it is called, lasted for six months. When it ended, 125,000 British soldiers were dead. They had gained five kilometers of ground. (2008年)
51. A. since
B. because
C. as
D. for
51．C。［解析］这里考查的是从句。所给的四个选项都是连接词，但since, because, for这三个词一般都表示因果关系。这里要表示的并不是因果关系，而是一种方式，故答案为as：正如，好像。
真题回放5
About 17 million people were killed in WWⅠ. There have been wars with greater numbers of dead. But there has never been one in 53 most of the dead were concentrated in such a small area. On the Somme battlefield, two men died for every meter of space. (2008年)
53. A. where
B. which
C. why
D. that
53．B。［解析］这里考查的是定语从句，该定语从句的先行词是one，指代的是war, in which即指in the war。
Achilles' heel
1．修饰语错置
修饰语错置有以下几种情况：
（1）修饰语与被修饰语之间间隔太远。例：Jack killed the bee that stung him with a magazine. 改正：With a magazine, Jack killed the bee that stung him.
（2）修饰语错置。例：The block on the highway had been cleared before heavy traffic jam was caused by the policemen. 应改为：The block on the highway had been cleared by the policemen before heavy traffic jam was caused.
2．垂悬修饰语
垂悬修饰语是一个短语，或一个省略句（一个没有主语或没有动词，或既无主语也无动词的从句）。在句子中找不到逻辑上被修饰的对象，所以看似与主句无关。常见的垂悬修饰语有垂悬分词、垂悬动名词、垂悬不定式、垂悬介词和垂悬省略句。例：Watching the moving film, my eyes filled with tears. 应改为：Watching the moving film, I felt my eyes filled with tears.
3．错误的平行结构
平行结构可以是单词、短语、从句或句子。使用表示比较或对比的关联连词（either, or；neither, nor；not only, but also；both, and等）时，要注意保持平行的结构。
