鸟类从电视上学到健康饮食，那么为什么人类学不到呢?
Birds can learn good eating habits from watching others, even without being present to experience the smells and sounds but some refuse to learn from non-members of their own species.
鸟类可以通过观察其他鸟类来学习良好的饮食习惯，即使不在场也可以体验气味和声音，但有些鸟类拒绝向非自己物种的成员学习。
Poisonous or foul-tasting animals frequently warn predators by adopting bright colors, known as aposematism. Although these colors signal “don't eat me” to animals who know the deal, they also make the bearer particularly conspicuous to those unfamiliar with the signal, who will likely eat them. Biologists have been puzzled as to why this strategy works overall.
有毒或恶臭的动物经常用鲜艳的颜色来警告捕食者，这被称为色盲。虽然这些颜色对知道交易的动物意味着“不要吃我”，但对那些不熟悉信号的动物来说，它们也会格外显眼，因为这些动物可能会吃掉它们。生物学家一直困惑于为什么这种策略总体上是有效的。
The more predators learn from each other, rather than having to try the bright thing themselves, the better aposematism is likely to work. Dr Liisa Hämäläinen of Cambridge University tested the capacity of two types of birds, blue tits and great tits, to learn from the experiences of others.
捕食者之间相互学习的越多，而不是自己去尝试更聪明的东西，就越有可能产生更好的迷惑。剑桥大学的Liisa Hamalainen博士测试了两种鸟类，蓝山雀和大山雀的学习能力。
To make sure the birds were not using hardwired knowledge, Hämäläinen made food items out of almond flakes, sometimes soaked in a bitter solution, and placed a cross or a square on an outer wrapping depending on whether the unpleasant taste was added. The birds' reactions were filmed and shown to members of both their own and other species. According to Hämäläinen, both species paid plenty of attention to the screen when the feeding was shown.
为了确保这些鸟没有使用硬线知识，Hamalainen用杏仁片制作食物，有时用苦涩的溶液浸泡，并根据是否添加了不愉快的味道在外包装上放置一个十字或正方形。这些鸟的反应被记录下来，并展示给它们自己和其他物种的成员。据Hamalainen说，这两个物种在喂食时都非常注意屏幕。
Stephen Luntz
Upon eating the bitter flakes the birds reacted with almost comical disgust, making a great show of their distaste, whose meaning their viewers recognized. In the Journal of Animal Ecology Hämäläinen reports birds steered well clear of the aposematic symbol in the video they had watched, lest they make a tit of themselves. “By watching others, they can learn quickly and safely which prey are best to eat. This can reduce the time and energy they invest in trying different prey, and also help them avoid the ill effects of eating toxic prey," Hämäläinen said in a statement.
鸟儿们吃了这些苦涩的雪花后，表现出一种近乎滑稽的厌恶，表现出一种巨大的厌恶，观众们也明白这是什么意思。在《动物生态学杂志》上，Hamalainen报告说，鸟类在他们观看的视频中避开了这个不相关的符号，以免把自己当成乳头。“通过观察其他动物，它们可以快速而安全地知道哪些猎物是最好吃的。这可以减少它们尝试不同猎物的时间和精力，也可以帮助它们避免食用有毒猎物的不良影响，”Hamalainen在一份声明中说。
Hämäläinen told IFLScience the negative reaction is “Mostly trying to get rid of the taste, for example by wiping their beaks.” Although she considers it possible these social birds have learned to overact to make sure their flockmates learn, she doesn't think there is any evidence solitary species are less dramatic.
Hamalainen告诉IFLScience，负面反应“主要是试图去除味道，比如擦嘴。“尽管她认为这些群居鸟类可能已经学会了过度行为，以确保它们的同伴也学会了，但她不认为有任何证据表明，独居物种没有那么戏剧化。”
Blue tits got the message when they watched fellow blue tits eat the artificial aposematic food, but seldom learned from great tits' reactions. However, great tits acquired knowledge from both species. The two birds often co-exist in the same space, and eat a similar diet, so Hämäläinen told IFLScience she doesn't know why learning between them only goes one way.
当蓝山雀看到其他蓝山雀吃人工合成的肉时，它们得到了这个信息，但是它们很少从大山雀的反应中学习。然而，伟大的山雀从两个物种获得知识。这两只鸟经常生活在同一个地方，饮食也很相似，所以Hamalainen告诉IFLScience，她不知道为什么它们之间的学习只有一个方向。
Perhaps if birds can learn a healthy diet from TV, humans might as well. For that, however, fruit and vegetable growers might need an advertising budget at least as large as the makers of unhealthy, brightly colored, but oh-so-tasty food items.
也许，如果鸟类能从电视上学到健康的饮食，人类也可以。然而，要做到这一点，水果和蔬菜的种植者可能需要至少和那些不健康、颜色鲜艳、但却非常美味的食品生产商一样多的广告预算。
One of Hämäläinen's birds choosing almond flakes wrapped in paper with a cross, rather than a square based on "advice" from other birds. Cambridge University
