1918年的流感导致美国各地的万圣节取消。可能还会发生
As people living during the 1918 influenza pandemic approached Halloween, they had to balance a desire for fun with the risk of catching and spreading a deadly disease.
随着生活在1918年流感大流行时期的人们临近万圣节，他们不得不在娱乐的愿望与感染和传播致命疾病的风险之间取得平衡。
On the list of traditions canceled by the coronavirus pandemic, Halloween might be next on the cultural hit list.
在冠状病毒流行病取消的传统节日名单中，万圣节可能是下一个被列入黑名单的文化节日。
Los Angeles County, for example, has led the charge by issuing formal guidance that recommends against trick-or-treating and bans other traditional festivities, according to the county's public health department.
例如，洛杉矶县的公共卫生部门表示，该县已经率先发布正式指导，建议禁止“不给糖就捣蛋”，并禁止其他传统节日。
The decision is history repeating itself: During the 1918 influenza pandemic, "Halloween parties, as well as other social functions attracting large numbers of people (were) discouraged" by LA health authorities, according to an October 30, 1918, Los Angeles Times report.
这一决定是历史的重演：据《洛杉矶时报》1918年10月30日的一篇报道，在1918年流感大流行期间，“万圣节派对以及吸引大量民众的其他社交活动受到了洛杉矶卫生当局的劝阻”。
The fall of 1918 was the second and worst wave of the 1918 flu pandemic, which killed between 50 million and 100 million people worldwide.
1918年秋季是1918年流感大流行的第二波，也是最严重的一波，导致全球5000万到1亿人死亡。
The highest death rates occurred from October to December, possibly due to a deadlier strain of the virus and crowding in hospitals and military camps.
死亡率最高的是10月至12月，可能是由于一种更致命的病毒毒株以及医院和军营的拥挤造成的。
"In most places in the United States, by October 31 of 1918, conditions would have been grim," said Elizabeth Outka, a professor of English at the University of Richmond and author of the book "Viral Modernism: The Influenza Pandemic and Interwar Literature."
“到1918年10月31日，在美国的大多数地方，情况将会很严峻，”里士满大学的英语教授伊丽莎白·乌特卡说。她著有《病毒现代主义:流感大流行和两次世界大战之间的文学》一书。
"A lot of things were shut down: stores, schools, churches," said Outka. "There was widespread disruption and a widespread sense that public gatherings were not a good idea."
“商店、学校、教堂等很多地方都关闭了，”乌特卡说。“出现了广泛的破坏，人们普遍认为公众集会不是个好主意。”
As the flu ravaged the globe, many US cities saw the need to restrict or ban Halloween celebrations.
随着流感肆虐全球，许多美国城市认为有必要限制或禁止万圣节庆祝活动。
Halloween during (another) unprecedented pandemic
万圣节期间(另一个)前所未有的流行病
That Los Angeles County's restriction on traditional celebrations occurred in 1918 as well is "somehow comforting," Orbann said, since that pandemic eventually ended.
奥班说，洛杉矶县对传统庆祝活动的限制也发生在1918年，这“在某种程度上令人欣慰”，因为那场流行病最终结束了。
And we might look to the safer choices of the past when considering how to celebrate Halloween this year.
在考虑如何庆祝今年的万圣节时，我们可以参照过去的安全选择。
"Based on my research of 1918," Outka said, "it certainly seems like a reasonable thing to do something different for Halloween this year, even though I love the holiday and I think it's really great.
“基于我对1918年的研究，” 乌特卡说，“虽然我喜欢这个节日，而且我认为它真的很重要，但为今年的万圣节做一些不同的事情显然是合理的。”
"I think being alive is also really great."
“我觉得活着也很重要。”
