冠状病毒如何传播:对着你的脸咳嗽…或者亲吻你的脸颊?

Keep your distance. And don't kiss.

保持距离。别接吻。

Those are two pieces of advice that could be crucial in reducing the spread of coronavirus.

这两条建议可能对减少冠状病毒的传播至关重要。

Public health officials say the spread has been mainly driven through people spending time indoors with others who have the disease.

公共卫生官员说，传播的主要原因是人们在室内与其他患病者呆在一起。

"Looks like the main driver is not widespread community infection — looks like it's household level infection," Dr. Bruce Aylward, a senior adviser to the World Health Organization, said at a press conference in Geneva on February 25.

2月25日，世界卫生组织高级顾问布鲁斯·艾尔沃德博士在日内瓦举行的记者招待会上说：“看起来主要的驱动力并不是广泛的社区感染，而是家庭感染。”。

Indeed, data from China's cases shows that most of the spread is happening among family who live together.

事实上，来自中国病例的数据显示，这种传播主要发生在一起生活的家庭中。

Perhaps the reason that the virus spreads among family members is the way people become infected. "The main mode of transmission is respiratory droplets" that can be produced by speaking and coughing, says Dr. Adam Lauring, associate professor of microbiology and immunology at the University of Michigan. "These droplets then can find their way into the mouths, noses of other people nearby."

也许病毒在家庭成员之间传播的原因是人们被感染的方式。”密歇根大学微生物学和免疫学副教授亚当·劳林博士说，主要的传播方式是呼吸道飞沫，“它可以通过说话和咳嗽产生。”然后这些液滴会进入附近其他人的嘴巴、鼻子。”

Researchers aren't sure how long droplets of COVID-19 coronavirus remain infectious on phones, but similar coronaviruses can survive on surfaces for a few hours up to a few days, depending on the environment, says WHO.

世卫组织说，研究人员不确定COVID-19冠状病毒液滴在手机上的传染性能维持多久，但类似的冠状病毒能在手机表面存活几个小时到几天，这取决于环境。

WHO says that social distancing measures, as when China extended the national lunar new year holiday to keep people from traveling or working, closed offices and canceled public transportation, have helped slow the transmission of the disease there.

世卫组织说，中国延长农历新年假期以阻止人们旅行或工作，关闭办公室并取消公共交通等社会疏离措施有助于减缓疾病在中国的传播。

Such steps could be effective in other countries, including the U.S., where the virus is spreading in some communities.

这些措施可能在其他国家有效，包括在某些社区传播病毒的美国。

Researchers looking back on prior outbreaks, such as the 1957 pandemic flu and the 2003 SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) epidemic, found that public health policies that kept people from gathering in public spaces — such as closing schools and canceling big events — helped slow the spread of disease.

研究人员回顾了先前的疫情，如1957年的流感大流行和2003年的SARS(严重急性呼吸系统综合症)疫情，发现阻止人们聚集在公共场所的公共卫生政策，如关闭学校和取消大型活动，有助于减缓疾病的传播。

In the current outbreak, the evidence for the way the coronavirus has spread comes from analyzing case clusters in China. Findings were published on February 28 in a report fromf the World Health Organization-China joint mission.

在目前的疫情中，冠状病毒传播方式的证据来自对中国病例群的分析。世界卫生组织中国联合代表团2月28日发表了一份报告。

In mid-February, a team of international experts visited areas in China hard-hit by the coronavirus. The mission was co-led by Aylward and Wannian Liang, head of the expert panel for China's National Health Commission.

2月中旬，一个国际专家小组访问了中国受冠状病毒重创的地区。此次调查由艾尔沃德和中国国家卫生委员会专家组组长梁万年共同领导。

The team toured hospitals, health clinics and community centers to determine how the coronavirus is spreading in China.

研究小组走访了医院、诊所和社区中心，以确定冠状病毒是如何在中国传播的。

Aylward says the pattern of family spread could be a big reason for China's apparent success in slowing the spread of the virus. Once one member of a family is infected, it's usually easy to find other family members who may have had close contact, then put them in quarantine for 14 days.

艾尔沃德说，家庭传播模式可能是中国在减缓病毒传播方面取得明显成功的一个重要原因。一旦一个家庭成员被感染，通常很容易找到其他可能有过密切接触的家庭成员，然后将他们隔离14天。

Data from China's government shows that their coronavirus infection rates peaked in late January and have declined ever since.

来自中国政府的数据显示，他们的冠状病毒感染率在1月下旬达到顶峰，此后一直在下降。

Keep air circulating. Dispersing droplets can keep you from getting a hefty, infectious dose. Open a window, turn on a fan.

保持空气流通。分散飞沫可以防止你受到大量的传染量。打开窗户，打开电扇。

Use a humidifier.Staying moist prevents the protective membrane in your nose from drying out, and mid-range humidity seems to cause some viruses to decay faster.

使用加湿器。保持湿度可以防止你鼻子里的保护膜变干，中档的湿度似乎也会导致一些病毒衰减得更快。

Clean surfaces: Household disinfectants, like bleach and alcohol-based cleaners, can kill the virus on tables, phones and other surfaces you regularly touch.

清洁表面：家用消毒剂，如漂白剂和酒精清洁剂，可以杀死你经常接触的桌子、电话和其他表面上的病毒。

Don't share a cup. Don't share eating utensils. Don't share a toothbrush. In fact, don't share anything that comes in direct contact with your mouth or nose.

不要共用一个杯子。不要共用餐具。不要共用牙刷。事实上，不要分享任何与你的嘴或鼻子直接接触的东西。

And of course, wash your hands: Use soap and water (or a hand sanitizer that's 60% alcohol) and make sure you wash all the nooks and crannies.

当然，洗手:使用肥皂和水(或60%酒精含量的洗手液)，并确保清洗所有的角落和缝隙。