语态是谓语动词的一种形式，用来说明主语和谓语之间的关系。英语中的语态分主动语态和被动语态两种。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者；被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，或者说主语是动作的对象，即主语是谓语动词的逻辑宾语。如：

We clean the room every day.我们每天打扫房间。（we是clean的执行者）

The room is cleaned every day.房间每天都打扫。（room是clean的对象）

注意： 由于被动语态的主语是谓语动词的逻辑宾语，因此只有及物动词才可能有被动语态；不及物动词没有被动语态。

13-3 主动语态与被动语态的转换

主动语态的句子可以变为被动语态的句子。在由主动语态变为被动语态时，要注意被动语态中的人称和数要与被动语态的谓语动词保持一致；被动语态要与主动语态的时态保持一致。主动语态与被动语态的转换主要有以下几种情况。

1.“主+谓+宾”结构

（1）把主动句的宾语变为被动句的主语；

（2）把主动句的谓语动词变为be+过去分词形式；

（3）把主动句的主语放到介词by后面组成介词短语，置于被动句后作状语。

Taotao broke the window yesterday.昨天涛涛打破了那扇窗子。

→The window was broken by Taotao yesterday.那扇窗子是涛涛昨天打破的。

His speech moved us deeply.他的讲话使我们深受感动。

→We were deeply moved by his speech.我们被他的讲话深深感动了。

注意：

①被动语态中的by短语在意思明确的情况下可以省略。如：

A new law has been passed.一项新的法律已被通过。

Many people were killed in the war.战争中有许多人丧生。

②主动语态如果是带no的否定句，变为被动语态时常常用no，neither或never等。如：

No one has ever beaten the boy at tennis.在网球比赛中没有人打败过那个男孩。

→The boy has never been beaten at tennis.在网球比赛中那个男孩从未被打败过。

③否定句中带有any构成的不定代词，变为被动语态时，主语用由no构成的否定代词。如：

We didn't notice anything special in his work.我们没有注意到他工作中特殊的地方。

→Nothing special was noticed in his work.他工作中没什么特殊的地方被注意到。

2.“主+谓+间宾+直宾”结构

及物动词buy，give，borrow，lend，send，bring，take，ask，teach，show，offer，tell，sell，pay等在句中常常带双宾语，一个指人，一个指物。指人的叫间接宾语，简称间宾；指物的叫直接宾语，简称直宾。含有双宾语的句子由主动语态变为被动语态时，通常只将其中一个宾语作为被动语态的主语。其变化规则为：

（1）将间接宾语变为被动语态的主语，直接宾语保留在动词后不变。如：

They offered me a job in the company.他们在公司里给我提供了一份工作。

→I was offered a job in the company.

Li Hua showed me his new shoes.李华给我看他的新鞋子。

→I was shown his new shoes by Li Hua.

（2）将直接宾语变为被动语态的主语，谓语动词与间接宾语之间要加上介词to或for。如：

Father gave me a nice present.爸爸给了我一件精美的礼物。

→A nice present was given to me by Father.

Mr.Lin booked me a room in the hotel.林先生在旅店给我订了个房间。

→A room was booked for me by Mr.Lin in the hotel.

注意：

①间接宾语前加to 的动词有：bring，give，hand，pay，lend，offer，pass，post，send，show，take，teach，tell，throw，write等；

②间接宾语前加for的动词有：buy，call，cook，do，get，make，save，book（预订）等。

③只用直接宾语作为被动语态的主语的动词：bring，do，make，pass，sell，sing，telegraph，write等。如：

He wrote her a letter.他给她写了一封信。

→A letter was written to her by him.

My sister made me a doll.我姐姐给我做了一个玩具。

→A doll was made for me by my sister.

④用间接宾语作被动语态的主语的动词有：answer，refuse，save，spare等。如：

He answered me the question.他回答了我那个问题。

→I was answered the question by him.

3.“主+谓+宾语+宾补”结构

含有复合宾语（宾语+宾语补足语）的主动句变为被动句时，将主动句的宾语变为被动句的主语，而主动句中的宾语补足语保留不动，成为主语补足语。常见动词有：call，make，choose，regard，name，believe，paint，think等。如：

We painted the wall white.我们把墙漆成白色。

→The wall was painted white by us.墙被我们漆成了白色。

I saw the boys playing by the river just now.我刚才还见那些男孩在河边玩耍。

→The boys were seen playing by the river just now.刚才那些男孩还被看见在河边玩耍。

Someone found the windows broken.有人发现窗子被打破了。

→The windows were found broken.窗子被发现打破了。

注意：

①感官动词see，watch，feel，hear，notice，listen to，look at等和使役动词have，make等后接不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足，但变为被动语态时要加上to。如：

They heard Alice sing a moment ago.他们刚才听见了艾丽丝唱歌。

→Alice was heard to sing a moment ago.刚才听到艾丽丝在唱歌。

They made me work without rest.他们逼我不停地干活。

→I was made to work without rest.我被迫不停地干活。

②动词help后接不定式作宾语补足语时，to可省也可保留，但变被动语态时要保留to，如：

My brother helped me （to）wash my clothes.我哥哥帮我洗衣服。

→I was helped by my brother to wash my clothes.我被哥哥帮助洗衣服。

4.短语动词的被动语态

（1）有些短语动词在意义上相当于及物动词，也有被动语态。这些短语动词在主动句中是搭配紧凑且不可分割的词组，所以在变为被动句时不可丢掉原短语中的介词或副词。如：

They often laugh at the old man.他们常常嘲笑那位老人。

→The old man was often laughed at.那位老人常遭人嘲笑。

We have sent for a doctor.我们已派人去请医生了。

→A doctor has been sent for.已派人去请医生了。

You must hand in papers at 3 o'clock.你们必须在三点钟交试卷。

→Papers must be handed in at 3 o'clock.试卷必须在三点钟交。

（2）在“动词+名词+介词” 结构中，这个名词也可以变成被动句的主语，也就是说，这种结构有两种变为被动句的方法。如：

People paid no attention to me.人们没有注意到我。

→No attention was paid to me.

→I was paid no attention to.

Young men must make full use of time.年轻人必须充分利用时间。

→Time must be made full use of by young men.

→Full use must be made of time by young men.

You should take good care of children.你应当照顾好孩子们。

→Children should be taken good care of （by you）.

→Good care should be taken of children （by you）.

注意：

此类短语动词主要有：make contributions to对……作出贡献，make fun of 取笑，make preparations for为……做好准备，make use of利用，take care of照顾，take notice of注意到，pay attention to注意，set fire to放火等。

5.祈使句的被动语态

有时部分祈使句也可变为被动式。肯定的祈使句的被动语态结构是：Let+宾语+be+过去分词；否定的祈使句的被动语态结构是：Don't+let+宾语+be+过去分词（或Let+宾语+not+be+过去分词）。如：

Open the door.打开门。

→Let the door be opened.

Let them clean the room.叫他们打扫房间。

→Let the room be cleaned.

Let us do it at once.让我们立即开始。

→Let it be done at once.

Don't let her do such a thing.不要让她做这种事。

→Don't let such a thing be done by her.

6.宾语从句的被动语态

主动句是含有宾语从句的复合句，在变成被动句时，常用it作形式主语，把主动句中的谓语动词变为被动语态，原宾语从句不动。如：

They believe that the meeting is a success.他们相信会议是成功的。

→It is believed that the meeting is a success.

Someone said that the story was false.据说这个故事是假的。

→It was said that the story was false.

People say that he has died.据说他死了。

→It is said that he has died.

They think that he has made great progress。他们认为他大有进步。

→It is thought that he has made great progress.

→He is thought to have made great progress.

注意：

①如果宾语从句是“主语+及物动词+宾语”的结构，宾语从句也可以变成被动语态。

My sister told me that Mother scolded her yesterday.妹妹对我说昨天母亲斥责她了。

I was told that my sister was scolded by Mother yesterday.

②能接这类宾语从句的动词有：believe，consider，expect，know，report，suppose，think等。