语态是谓语动词的一种形式，用来说明主语和谓语之间的关系。英语中的语态分主动语态和被动语态两种。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者；被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，或者说主语是动作的对象，即主语是谓语动词的逻辑宾语。如：
We clean the room every day.我们每天打扫房间。（we是clean的执行者）
The room is cleaned every day.房间每天都打扫。（room是clean的对象）
注意： 由于被动语态的主语是谓语动词的逻辑宾语，因此只有及物动词才可能有被动语态；不及物动词没有被动语态。
13-4 使用被动语态应注意的问题
1.by短语的正确使用
（1）by短语的位置。在被动语态中，by短语通常紧随在被动语态谓语动词之后；在含有时间状语和地点状语的句子中，by短语通常放在地点状语之后，时间状语之前。如：
The model plane was made by my brother .这个飞机模型是我哥哥做的。
The books were put into the box by the monitor .书是班长放进箱子里的。
She was seen in the street by us yesterday.昨天我们在街上看到她了。
（2）by短语的省略。
①当不知道谁是动作的执行者时，by短语省略不用。如：
Our school was set up fifty years ago.我们学校是五十年前建成的。（不知道谁是执行者）
②当没有必要指出或不想说出谁是动作的执行者时，by短语通常省略。如：
Your homework should be handed in early tomorrow.你的作业应当明天一早交上。（上下文已暗示出动作的执行者，没必要再做重复）
③当动作的执行者是泛指时通常省略by短语。如：
She was noticed to come late again.有人注意到她又迟到了。（动作的执行者是泛指）
注意：
下列情况by短语不可省略：
①当动作的执行者是话题中心时不可省略。如：
The classroom was cleaned by Green，not by Jane.教室是格林打扫的，不是简打扫的。
②若省略by短语意义模糊时，则不可省略。如：
English is spoken by many people.很多人说英语。
2.不用被动语态的6种情况
（1）某些谓语动词在句中为连系动词时，不用被动语态。如：
He looked fine.他看上去气色好。
The food tastes delicious.这食物味道很好。
（2）谓语动词为不及物动词或不及物的短语动词时，不用被动语态。如：
The war broke out in the end.战争终于爆发了。
I happened to meet him there.我碰巧在那儿见到了他。
（3）宾语为动词不定式、动词的-ing 形式或从句，表示主语的一些想法、爱好或愿望时，一般不用被动语态。如：
He decided to go with us.他决定跟我们一起去。
I want to buy a computer.我想买一台电脑。
（4）宾语是相互代词、反身代词、同源宾语等时，一般不用被动语态。如：
We should help each other .我们应该相互帮助。
He thinks of himself too much.他为自己想得太多。
（5）宾语是表示处所、地点时，一般不用被动语态。如：
We will reach the station in two hours.我们再过两个小时就会到站了。
He has gone to London now.他去伦敦了。
（6）谓语部分（动词与宾语）是一个不可分割的动词短语时，一般不用被动语态。如：
The ship set sail this morning.这艘轮船今天早晨起航了。
He saw the doctor yesterday evening.他昨天晚上看了医生。
3.主动形式表示被动意义的3种情况
（1）有些不及物动词形式上虽为主动，但表示被动意义。如：
The plan worked out successfully.计划进行得很成功。
the plan was worked out successfully.
The book sells well.这本书销路好。
This shirt will wear very long.这件衬衫可以穿很久。
Meat cuts easily.肉容易切。
The parcel carries easily.包裹容易搬运。
The fields flooded.田野被洪水淹没。
Ripe oranges peel easily.成熟的橙子很容易削皮。
注意：
这类动词常见的有：lock，shut，open，move，read，write，sell，wash，clean，catch，cut等。
（2）有些动词的进行时，形式上是主动，但含被动的意义。如：
The book is printing.=The book is being printed.这本书正在印刷中。
The house is building.=The house is being built.这栋房子正在建造中。
The drum is beating.=The drum is being beaten.鼓正敲着。
（3）有些介词短语作表语时，主动形式表示被动意义。如：
The question is now under discussion.这个问题正在被讨论。
The fire was finally under control.大火最终被控制住了。
All these temples are under repairs.所有这些古庙正在修复中。
The project is in the charge of a Japanese expert.这项工程由一位日本专家负责。
4.被动形式表示主动意义的2种情况
（1）某些“动词+反身代词”结构，被动结构表示主动意义。如：
She usually dresses herself in white.她通常穿白色衣服。
The boy seated himself by the window。小男孩坐在窗户旁。
（2）有些不及物动词的过去分词，如gone，come，fallen，returned，retired，graduated等作表语时，表示主动意义。如：
Winter is gone and spring is come.冬天走了，春天来了。
The ground is covered with fallen leaves.地面盖满了落叶。
Next year I will be graduated.明年我就要毕业了。
My parents have already been retired.我父母已经退休了。
5.“主+系+表”结构与被动语态的区别
“be+过去分词”结构既可以是系表结构，又可以是被动语态。其主要区别是被动语态强调动作，系表结构强调状态。
（1）从形式上来看，被动语态往往接by施动者，而系表结构往往有固定的搭配。如be connected with，be separated from，be covered with，be interested in，be surprised at，be satisfied with，be concerned about等。
I was interested in what you showed me.我对你所展示的感兴趣。（被动语态）
We were surprised at the unexpected news.我们对这个意外的消息感到惊讶。（系表结构）
注意：
句中有“by+人”时，多为被动语态；而“by+物”时，多属系表结构。如：
The house was surrounded by the police.这房子被警察包围了。（被动语态）
The house was surrounded by trees.这房子四周都是树。（系表结构，表示静止的状态）
（2）从时态上来看，被动语态中be的时态要与动作发生的时间一致；而系表结构的be只有一般现在时或完成时，表示目前或过去的性质或状态。如：
This window was broken by Kate yesterday.这窗户是凯特昨天打破的。（被动语态）
This glass is broken.这块玻璃是破的。（系表结构，指目前的状态）
（3）从句中的状语来看，过去分词前有well，very，quite等副词修饰的是系表结构；若句中有时间、方式或目的状语时，一般为被动语态。
The play is well written.这剧本写得很好。（系表结构）
The play was written with great care.这剧本是非常用心地写出来的。（被动语态，有方式状语）
（4）被动语态中的过去分词必须是及物动词，而系表结构中的过去分词可以是gone，fallen，risen等不及物动词。如：
My pen is gone.我的钢笔不见了。（系表结构）
The sun is risen.太阳升起来了。（系表结构）
6.常用表被动的固定句型
（1）It is said that ...据说……
（2）It is reported that ...据报道……
（3）It is well known that ...众所周知……
（4）It is supposed that ...据推测……
（5）It is suggested that ...有人建议……
（6）It is generally considered that ...普遍认为……
It is said that they have realized their wishes.据说他们已实现了他们的愿望。
It is reported that the Underground Line will be built in our city in 2019.据报道我们城市将在2019年建地铁。
It is well known that everyone has his own dream as well as his own future.众所周知的，每个人都有自己的梦想以及他自己的未来。
It is supposed that there is no life on the moon.据推测，月球上没有生命。
It is suggested that we should hold the meeting next week.有人建议我们应当在下周举行会议。
It is generally considered that what you have done is wrong.人们普遍认为你所做的是错误的。
【中考速递】
1.[北京中考考题] A new road _____ near my school next year.
A.builds B.will build C.is built D.will be built
2.[湖北黄冈中考考题] — Tom is always careless with his schoolwork.Could you help him？
— No problem！I think he _____ to think twice before starting.
A.should be told B.can tell
C.should tell D.can be telling
3.[江苏南京中考考题] It's reported that Jiangsu Grand Theatre _____ in September this year.
A.completes B.is completed
C.will complete D.will be completed
4.[广东中考考题] He Jiang _____ to give a speech at the graduation ceremony at Harvard University last month.
A.invites B.invited C.is invited D.was invited
5.[甘肃兰州中考考题] These rules are made _____ the disabled.
A.protect B.protected C.to protect D.protecting
6.[山东泰安中考考题] More chances _____ for students to learn from each other if working in groups.
A.provide B.are provided C.provided D.will provide
【答案点拨】
1.答案：D 句意：我家附近有一条新的公路明年将会建成。由next year 可知句子用一般将来时；由句意可知a new road和build之间是被动关系，用将来时态的被动语态。故选D。
2.答案：A 句意：“汤姆做作业一直很粗心。你帮帮他好吗？”“没问题。我想应该告诉他三思而后行。”由句意可知he是告诉的对象，用被动语态；表示“应当”用should，故选A。
3.答案：D 句意：据报道，江苏大剧院于今年九月份完工。由句中的时间this year可知用一般将来时；由句意可知用被动语态。故选D。
4.答案：D 句意：上个月贺江被邀请在哈佛大学的毕业典礼上作报告。根据last month可知用一般过去时态；由句意可知用被动语态，故选D。
5.答案：C 句意：这些规则被制定出来以保护残疾人。make后的不定式在被动语态中要加上to。故选C。
6.答案：B 句意：如果分组学习的话，这就为学生们的互相学习提供了更多的机会。句子主语more chances是provide的承受者，应用被动语态。故选B。
【语法专练 体验中考】
1.[山东青岛] Children should _____ to be honest from a young age.
A.educate B.be educated C.punish D.be punished
2.[重庆考题] — Mom，where is my model plane？
— Oh，it _____ to Jenny yesterday.
A.is lent B.lends C.was lent D.lent
3.[甘肃白银] Mr.Anderson's car _____ last night.
A.was stolen B.stolen C.stole D.is stolen
4.[山东潍坊] It is said that the project connecting mainland and Hong Kong _____ soon.
A.is completed B.has completed
C.will complete D.will be completed
5.[山东威海] — There aren't any libraries in our town，are there？
— No，but it is said one _____ next year.
A.will be built B.is built C.will build
6.[河北考题] Emily is glad that she _____ for her honesty at that meeting.
A.praises B.praised C.is praised D.was praised
7.[湖北咸宁] — China's 23rd Beidou Satelite _____ into space on June 12，2016.
— As Chinese，we are proud of it.
A.has sent B.is sent C.will send D.was sent
8.[天津考题] Paper _____ first _____ about 2，000 years ago in China.
A.is；creating B.is；created C.has；created D.was；created
9.[山东临沂] Now all Chinese couples _____ to have two children.
A.allow B.allowed C.are allowed D.were allowed
10.[江苏扬州] — Have you finished your report on green life？
— Not yet.I'll make it if I _____ another two days.
A.give B.am given C.will give D.will be given
11.[湖北黄石] — Why does the earth look blue in space？
— Because most of the earth's surface _____ by water.
A.covers B.is covered C.cover D.are covered
12.[陕西考题] Football _____ to our school subjects last year.
A.is added B.adds C.was added D.added
【答案速递】
1.B 2.C 3.A 4.D 5.A 6.D 7.D 8.D 9.C 10.B 11.B 12.C
