[00:00.00]CHAPTER TWO Reading page 20 and 21

[00:-1.00]THE MANY MEANINGS OF COLOUR

[00:-2.00]The study of colour is a fascinating mixture of scientific fact

[00:-3.00]and emotional guesswork.

[00:-4.00]Colour is basic to all of us,and affects our lives in many ways.

[00:-5.00]Swiss psychologist Max Luscher has spent over 20 years studying colours,

[00:-6.00]and has developed a colour test which helps to explain your personality.

[00:-7.00]You must choose which colours you like most.

[00:-8.00]According to Luscher,

[00:-9.00]people who choose red are energetic and adventurous,looking for excitement.

[00:10.00]Those who prefer blue are calm and in control,and prefer a peaceful life.

[00:11.00]Green means firmness,a dislike of change and a fear of failure.

[00:12.00]Yellow means you are open and free, ambitious and an optimist.

[00:13.00]It is interesting to look back in history,

[00:14.00]and to try to guess what colours meant to the first humans.

[00:15.00]Blue and green are common and familiar colours.

[00:16.00]They have 'safe'meanings for us.

[00:17.00]Blue makes us think of the sky and the sea.

[00:18.00]Green is the colour of growing plants.

[00:19.00]But red is rare in nature.

[00:20.00]It is the colour of blood and meat,of hunting or of injuries.

[00:21.00]It is also the colour of fire.

[00:22.00]The darkest nights are black,a colour often associated with fear.

[00:23.00]It is possible to measure responses to some colours scientifically.

[00:24.00]When we see a red light,for example,

[00:25.00]we become more tense and our heart rate increases.

[00:26.00]Blue,on the other hand,makes our heart rate decrease,

[00:27.00]and lets us feel more relaxed.

[00:28.00]In our daily life, colours are big business.

[00:29.00]Next time you are in a supermarket,

[00:30.00]think about the colours around you and on the products.

[00:31.00]Food manufacturers choose the colours very carefully.

[00:32.00]The right colours persuade us to buy more food.

[00:33.00]Red,green,orange and yellow are regarded as the main'appetite'colours.

[00:34.00]To select the right colours is also important for businesses.

[00:35.00]Fast-food restaurants often use red,for two reasons.

[00:36.00]Not only does it stimulate the appetite,

[00:37.00]but it also makes us feel active and not relaxed,

[00:38.00]so that after we have eaten,we want to get up quickly and leave,

[00:39.00]thus making space for more customers.

[00:40.00]Banks like to use more serious,restful colours such as blue,brown and green.

[00:41.00]These persuade us to think of the bank as a safe and reliable place.

[00:42.00]Yellow makes us think of sunshine and holidays,

[00:43.00]and so it is often used by travel agents.

[00:44.00]In politics, colours are also very important.

[00:45.00]Over 80% of countries have red the colour of action in their national flags.

[00:46.00]Blue is associated with conservative parties.

[00:47.00]Light blue is also the colour of the United Nations and symbolizes peace.

[00:48.00]Green has become the colour of environmental parties.

[00:49.00]Different cultures do not always agree on their colour associations.

[00:50.00]To see a black cat is lucky in some countries but unlucky in others.

[00:51.00]Western brides choose to wear white on their wedding days,

[00:52.00]but Chinese brides prefer to wear red.

[00:53.00]Westerners wear black to a funeral;Chinese mourners wear white clothes.

[00:54.00]Colour is a powerful tool.

[00:55.00]It can be used to help us,to warn us,to relax us,

[00:56.00]to control us and to make us buy things.

[00:57.00]INTEGRATED SKILL Page 24

[00:58.00]Selecting relevant information

[00:59.00]SPEAKING page 32

[-1:00.00]A Pronouncing the letters c and ch

[-1:-1.00]The letter c is difficult

[-1:-2.00]because it can be pronounced in different ways in English.

[-1:-3.00]The pronounciation usually depends on the letters after it.

[-1:-4.00]A1 1.When c is before e, i or y,it is usually pronounced /s/,

[-1:-5.00]especially at the beginning of a word.

[-1:-6.00]city,citizen,acid;cent,cement,dance;cycle,cylinder,fancy

[-1:-7.00]2.However,c is pronounced / /in the endings of some words.

[-1:-8.00]social,artificial,official,especially;delicious,spacious;

[-1:-9.00]appreciate,associate;ancient,efficient,sufficient

[-1:10.00]3.When c does not come before e,i or y,it is normally /k/.

[-1:11.00]car,cake,calculator,camera;cotton,computer,colour,

[-1:12.00]contest;cut,cup,culture,curious;critic,clean,cry

[-1:13.00]A2 1.would certainly appreciate some coffee in a clean cup.

[-1:14.00]2.This ancient cake is not especially delicious:it's like cement!

[-1:15.00]3.Some curious critics came to the dance contest at our spacious social club.

[-1:16.00]4.Mr Lane is my associate in the Efficient Computers Company.

[-1:17.00]5.Citizens,is there sufficient culture in this city?

[-1:18.00]A3 The letters ch can also be pronounced in several different ways.

[-1:19.00]Say the examples below.

[-1:20.00]1.In most words,ch is pronounced / /.

[-1:21.00]church,teacher,chin,choose,beach,each,lunch,achieve

[-1:22.00]2.In these words,ch is /k/:

[-1:23.00]character,chemistry,choir,chorus,stomach,ache,

[-1:24.00]anchor,architect,mechanic,orchestra,psychologist,technical

[-1:25.00]3.Before r,ch is /k/.

[-1:26.00]Christ,Christmas

[-1:27.00]4.In a few words,ch is / /.

[-1:28.00]chef,machine,moustache,parachute

[-1:29.00]A4.1.Choose a nice beach and we'll put down the anchor and have lunch.

[-1:30.00]2.The chef is a strange character,with a moustache and a little beard on his chin.

[-1:31.00]3.The architect has achieved some amazing technical effects.

[-1:32.00]4.If you have an ache in your stomach, don't see a psychologist.

[-1:33.00]MORE LANGUAGE INPUT Listening page 37

[-1:34.00]Listen to hear some sentences with words related to colour in them.

[-1:35.00]Listen carefully and supply the missing information.

[-1:36.00]1.Why don't you_____?That's a nice______.

[-1:37.00]2.people with very___ need to protect themselves from the sun.

[-1:38.00]3.'what colour is the material?''well,it's a sort of____colour.'

[-1:39.00]4.'What do you think of this suit?''Excellent!____really suits you.'

[-1:40.00]5.I'm looking for a ___for my bedroom sheet.

[-1:41.00]6.Is the film____or black and white?

[-1:42.00]7.Will the silk skirt ____if you wash it too often?

[-1:43.00]8.I'm afraid the colour___when I washed your new T-shirt.

[-1:44.00]9.The evening sun coloured the fields and trees______.

[-1:45.00]10.she is dressed in a ____blouse with a small flowery pattern on it.