1. by:
l)在……旁边，从……旁边：
Come over here and stand by me.
过来站在我旁边。
He put it on the table by the window.
他把它放在窗边的那张桌子上。
He passed by me without noticing me.
他从我身旁走旅，但是没看到我。
2)到(某时候):
Perhaps she has recovered by now.
现在她或许已经痊愈了。
The sun had set by this time.
到这时太阳己经落山了。
Just be here by eight.
八点前到这里。
3)由(被)(某人干的):
The postman was bitten by the dog.
邮差给狗咬了?
Who is that book by?
这书是谁写的?
The play was written by a student.
这个剧本是一个学生写的。
4)以(某种伐式):
We learn to swim by swimming.
我们在游泳中学游泳。
Please let me know by telegram.
请以电报通知我。
Don’t judge a man by his clothes.
不要以衣着判断人。
5)乘坐(车、船等):
I came by bus(subway).
我是坐公共汽车(地铁)来的。
We are going by the 9:30 train.
我们坐九点三十的火车去。
I prefer to go by plane (boat).
我宁愿坐飞机(船)去。
6)在(本性、职业)上：
She is generous by nature.
她天生很慷慨。
He was tolerant by temperament.
他性格很宽容。
I am not an actor by profession.
我不是职业演员。
7)表示程度尺寸等：
Total commodity stocks grew by 4.5 percent.
商品总库存量增长了百分之四点五。
Fares have been increased by 10%.
票价上涨了百分之十。
The room is thirty feet by twenty.
这间房长二十英尺，宽二十英尺。
