Pfeffer and Sutton come to a similar conclusion about most efforts to boost performance by creating pay incentives:

　　普费弗(Pfeffer)和萨顿(Sutton)分析了试图通过提供薪酬激励提高绩效的多数措施，并得出一个类似的结论：

　　' There is, in fact, little evidence that equity incentives of any kind, including stock options, enhance organizational performance. One review of more than 220 studies concluded that equity ownership had no consistent effect on financial performance. Another massive study and review of research on executive compensation published by the National Bureau of Economic Research reported that most schemes designed to align managerial and shareholder interests failed to do so.'

　　“实际上，几乎没有证据表明任何种类的股权激励──包括股票期权──能够提高组织绩效。一篇对220多项研究的文献综述得出结论，股权对财务绩效没有一致性影响。”另一篇由美国国家经济研究局(National Bureau of Economic Research)发表的关于管理层薪酬研究的大型研究与文献综述称，多数旨在协调管理层利益与股东利益的薪酬方案都失败了。”