教你发美音Course #2 LESSON 1: SEPARATING THE HARD & SOFT VOWE
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    [LANGUAGE NOTE: Second language English speakers form almost any language have at least some trouble separating the hard and soft vowels in each of the following pairs. Speakers from ROMANCE LANGUAGES have particular trouble with the soft forms. Speakers from RUSSIAN and other SLAVIC LANGUAGES and speakers of YIDDISH and HEBREW have more trouble with the hard forms. BUT -- these pairs represent one of the most important pronunciation skills for any second language English speakers.]

    Listen closely to the instructions in lesson One of the tape. It will explain how to create the differences between the hard and soft sounds in each of four pairs of vowels. Each of the hard sounds has at least some of the characteristics of a diphthong -- (1) there is more rear-tongue movement, (2) there is a second stage or "echo" on the vowel, and (3) there is a slight downward pitch glide. The soft vowel in each pair is short, stays on one pitch, and has little or no movement in the back of the tongue.

     

    SECTION #1: HARD E and SOFT I {Counter #_______}

     

    L1/S1-A: "The Hard E"

    Phonetic Symbol : [ i ]

    COMMON SPELLINGS :

    "ee" as in TREE, SEEM, EEL
    "e+consonant+e" as in CONCRETE, SUPREME, SCENE
    "ea" as in MEAT, PEAS, EAN
    "y" as in MARY, HAPPILY, ENVY

    OCCASIONAL SPELLINGS:

    "ie" as in YIELD, IECES
    "ei" as in CEILING
    "i" as in SKI, INTRIGUE, MACHINE

     

    EACH, EVEN, SEE, KEY, GREEN, TREE
    HE, SHE, WE, ME, BE
    VERY, HAPPY, COUNTRY, SOFTLY, QUICKLY
    EEL, MEAL, SEAL, DEAL, APPEAL, REAL, WHEEL


    - THE GREEN CAR WENT SPEEDING ON THE FREEWAY.
    - SHE WAS HAPPY TO BE EATING CHEESE.
    - HE HURT HIS KNEE WHILE SKIING VERY RAPIDLY.
    - DON'T TEASE ME; MY MONEY IS REAL.
    - I'M VERY SORRY YOU DON'T AGREE WITH ME.

    Now here are additional worlds and sentences containing this hard sound which are not recorded on the tape.

     

    each see teach fleece key me
    deal equal eager police knee green
    agree feed easy unique meal tree
    cheat either ego ceiling please supreme
    free speak be needle freeway eaves
    machine tea fee team money Eden
    achieve scene keen squeeze enough pieces
    yield beat meat stream esteem beak
    intrigue need neat jubilee fever three


    - Please cease to creep through the Garden of Eden.
    - Meat and cheese were served under the tree.
    - He twisted his knee while skiing fleetly down the peak.
    - Steve went to pieces because he was green with envy.
    - The speed demon careened off the freeway.
    - He teased the eager Marine with sneezing powder.
    - Meat, peas, and beans each provide protein.
    - He achieves intrigue by agreeing to speak Japanese.
    - She cheated me by dealing thirteen threes.
    - The reason for ceasing to speak was the parrot's beak.
    - Jean and the team serenely jumped onto the beam.

     

    L1/S1-B: "THE SOFT I"

    Phonetic Symbol : [ I ]

    COMMON SPELLINGS:

    "i" as in IT, SIT, STILL, IN, SISTER, VISIT, INFANT

    OCCASIONAL SPELLING:

    "y" as in "symbol" and "typical"

     

    IT, IS, SISTER, VISIT, TIP, BIG, DIFFERENT
    IN, INSIDE, INTEREST, HINT, HIMSELF, WINTER
    ILL, SILK, HILL, BILL, FILL, UNTIL, PILL
    - GO INSIDE AND SIT STILL.
    - THIS WINTER WILL BE DIFFERENT.
    - BILL VISITED HIS RICH SISTER.
    - PICK HIM UP ON FIFTH AVENUE.
    - WE LIFTED THE INFANT OUT OF HIS CRIB.

    Now, here are additional word and sentence drills for this vowel which are not recorded on the tape.

     

    inside mill pick physical wind city
    still hill cymbals witty ill sister
    flip exhibit disappear zipper income lift
    history linen winter hint different mistake
    assist rich interest pyramid brittle exhibit
    pitch infant invisible quiver big live
    will trip lick crib visit tickle


    - Winter differs incredibly in its impact on individuals.
    - The inspector charged interest on Wilma's income tax.
    - The clinician instantly investigated the infant's itch.
    - Sit inside the pavilion instead of in the sun.
    - The chicken committed itself to the interest of dinner.
    - I intend to split the pit in the middle of the cherry.
    - I instantly intended to imply that you were ignorant.
    - The infant twitched and gripped the crib.
    - Inspector Smith hinted at mistakes in the investigation.
    - Jill will tickle her big sister immediately.
    - Pick him up at the liquor store on Fifth Street.

     

    L1/S1-C: CONTRASTING "HARD E" and "SOFT I"

    In this "contrast" section, for this and the three other pairs, I will put hard brackets [ ] around the hard vowel and soft brackets { } around the soft vowel.

     

    -- S{I}T {I}N THAT S[EA]T BY THE W{I}NDOW.
    -- SH[E] BROKE HER H[EE]L WHILE CLIMBING THE H{I}LL.
    -- THE T[EA]M GR{I}NNED AFTER S[EE]ING THE GR[EE]N F[IE]LD.

    Now, here are additional word drills for this vowel contrast which are not recorded on the tape.

     

    [ ] { } [ ] { }
    seep sip peak pick
    heel hill keel kill
    meal mill Neal nil
    real rill wheel will
    feel fill eel ill
    peel pill seal sill
    leap lip cheap chip

    SECTION #2: "HARD A" and "SOFT E" {Counter #.............}

     

    L1/S2-A: The "HARD A"

    Phonetic Symbol: [ ei ]

     

    COMMON SPELLINGS:
    "a+consonant+e" as in TAKE, SAGE
    "ei" as in WEIGH, NEIGHBOR
    "ay" as in MAY, DAY, WAY
    "ai" as in AIM, AID, FAIL, MAIL
    OCCASIONAL SPELLINGS:
    "a" as in AVIATOR, APRIL
    "ei" as in EIGHT

     

    [LANGUAGE NOTE: More than any other vowel in human speech, the hard A is susceptible to upward gliding lilt. This is especially true for speakers of Hungarian, Finnish, Polish, and many of the languages of Africa and the Asian sub-continent. Do not permit this diphthong to slide up in pitch. ]

     

    AIM, DAY, SAY
    ALE, MALE, SAIL
    - TODAY'S DATE IS APRIL THE EIGHTH.
    - THE FREIGHT TRAIN TRAVELED AWAY FROM THE STATION.
    - STAY AWAY FROM THE TRAIL WHEN IT IS RAINING.

     

    Now, here are additional word and sentence drills for this hard vowel which are not recorded on the tape.

     

    weight player neighbor aviator frame ale
    chased face instigate ailing haze ate
    rainfall maybe fail freight lake ace
    display wayward male April jade ape
    fateful fray inflame Kate labor base
    baby haste blamed trail mail lace
    take age dame jailer nasal aim
    great safety failure Macy's nation page
    came fate mistake whale plague sage


    - A great April shower came our way today.
    - They paid the price for delaying the instant replay.
    - The ailing aviator chased the victory for its own sake.
    - They blamed the dame with the famous face.
    - The able often stray in this fateful age.
    - Make haste; delay may instigate a fray.
    - Statesmen hasten to awaken the nation these days.
    - I may portray Dorian gray on the stage in a play.
    - Nathan felt the weight of the fateful delay in rainfall.
    - My real estate agent has a gabled house on three acres.
    - Eight whales sprayed water as they came safely away.

     

    L1/S2-B: THE "SOFT E"

    Phonetic Symbol: [ e ]

     

    COMMON SPELLINGS:
    "e" as in TWENTY, ENTER, SELL
    OCCASIONAL SPELLINGS:
    "ea" as in SPREAD, SWEAT "ai" as in SAID
    "a" as in ANY, MANY "ie" as in FRIEND

     

    GET, READY, AGAIN, EVERY, ENEMY, FRIEND, BED, GET, READY, TEN, SENT
    SELL, WELL, BELL, TELL
    - MY FRIEND IS RESTING IN BED.
    - ED SENT TEN LETTERS TO THE ENEMY.
    - GET THE ROOM READY BEFORE THE DEADLINE.
    - THE SENATOR MEANT EVERYTHING HE SAID YESTERDAY.
    - THE GENERAL SLEPT IN HIS HEADQUARTERS.

    Now, here are additional word and sentence drills for this soft vowel which are not recorded on the tape.

     

    twenty embrace semester fence red nest
    enter tenth emulate friend Ben get
    effort fresh deadline left Ken legs
    net center federal mental Ted bed
    men celebrate tender wreck gem stem
    when memory shelf spread jet ebb
    render mentor crescent sweat wet eggs
    element western credit election well bent
    century letter dilemma intellect sell test


    - Ed rented the penthouse at an exorbitant price.
    - Ten and ten eventually get you twenty.
    - I meant every word I said in the elementary section.
    - Ben was a general from several sections of Tennessee.
    - Don't lose your temper when I enter the room.
    - The song was rendered by men who twenty cents.
    - He was especially edgy after the separation.
    - I can't accept this mental dilemma.
    - My ex-friend wrecked the mended fences.
    - Jeff's hot temper tested his self-confidence.
    - September seventh was a red-letter day.

     

    L1/S2-C: Contrasting "Hard A" and "Soft E"

     

    -- [EI]GHT M{E}N CAN'T G{E}T THROUGH THE G[A]TE.
    - D{E}NNIS IS T[A]KING A T{E}CHNICAL COURSE.
    - M{E}L IS A M[AI]L ARRIER.
    -- S[AI]L THE BOAT OUT W{E}ST, AND THEN S{E}LL IT.

    Now, here are additional word and sentence drills contrasting the two vowels in Pair #2.

     

    { } [ ] { } [ ] { } [ ]  
    led laid tread trade Ken cane  
    tell tail sell sail Mel mail  
    bet bait den Dane get gate  
    led laid men main tech take  
    wes waste shed shade wed wade  
    bell bail hell hail fell fail  

    SECTION #3: "HARD OO" and "SOFT oo" {Counter #______}

     

    L1/S3-A: THE "HARD OO"

    Phonetic symbol: [ u ]

     

    COMMON SPELLINGS:
    "oo" as in SMOOTH, SPOON, COOL
    "ew" as in BREW, THREW, SEWER
    "u" as in SUSAN, STUDIO, RUBY, TRUTH
    OCCASIONAL SPELLINGS:
    "o+consonant+e" as in MOVE PROVE
    "ui" as in JUICE "ue" as in BLUE, DUE
    "o" as in WHO "ou" as in COUPE, TOUPEE

     

    SMOOTH, SPOON, BOOT, MOON, TRUTH
    SCHOOL, COOL, RULE, FOOLISH
    - IT'S TRUE THAT THE NEW SCHOOL IS A GLOOMY PLACE.
    - HE CLEANS THE STUDIO EVERY TUESDAY AT NOON.
    - SHE LIKES THE VIEW OF THE MOON ON JUNE NIGHTS.
    - DRINK FRUIT JUICE WHEN YOU HAVE THE FLUE.
    - JUDY WAS VERY RUDE TO SUSAN.

    Now practice these additional words and sentences for the "Hard OO" vowel which are not recorded on the tape.

     

    spoon prunes brew roof
    smooth boost flute who
    sewer moon rumor through
    blue fruit prove room
    coupons gloomy true shoe
    prove threw truth food
    plumage school rude boot
    troupe ruby pool cool
    bloom juicy loose move


    - I always knew that prunes grew under the blue moon.
    - The gloomy June moon is moving foolishly.
    - At two past noon, I heard hooves on the roof.
    - It's true that Sue proves school is gloomy.
    - Give the student a boost with your boot.
    - Rumor has it that raccoons buy fruit with coupons.
    - Newman got juiced because Stu threw brew into the soup.
    - After his review, the pupil developed a loose screw.
    - Judy was rude to Susan.
    - The crew brewed the stew for two hours.

     

    L1/S3-B: THE "SOFT oo"

    Phonetic Symbol: [ U ]

     

    COMMON SPELLING:
    "oo" as in WOOD, FOOT, TOOK
    "u" as in BULLET, FULL, BUSHEL, PUT
    OCCASIONAL SPELLINGS:
    "o" as in WOLF, WOMAN
    "ou" as in WOULD, COULD, SHOULD

     

    COULD, GOOD, SHOULD, WOODEN, FOOT, GOOD-BYE, WOLF, TOOK, LOOK
    PULL, BULL, FULL, BULLET
    - HE TOOK A LOOK UNDER THE CAR'S HOOD.
    - THEY PULLED THE WOLF OUT OF THE WOODS.
    - THERE ART GOOD BOOKS IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD LIBRARY.
    - THE BUTCHER'S STEAKS LOOKED REALLY GOOD.
    - DR. GOODMAN TOOK A BULLET OUT OF THE MAN'S FOOT.

     

    And some additional drills for this soft vowel:

     

    wooden bullet boulevard could hook
    careful bullion bully nook pull
    helpful forsook butcher push bush
    pulpit boogie booklet wood put
    Pullman goodness rookie full foot
    ambush hooded footwear soot good
    should crook woman took book
    good-bye sugar brook bull wolf
    bushel pudding cushion hood good
    couldn't wouldn't stood Ludwig look


    - We pulled the wolf from the woods to the boulevard.
    - The butcher's hook took out the sooty bully.
    - Dr. Goodman took the bullet from the rookie's foot.
    - Woody stood up wearing cushioned footwear.
    - I understood there was a good book in the library.
    - Brooks was hoodwinked from the pulpit by Mr. Cook.
    - Only tourists put bushels of soot in the brook.
    - Captain Hook ate a bushel of cookies.
    - I couldn't have understood the crook's motives.
    - The Pullman conductor took a look at his ticket book.

     

    L1/S3-C: CONTRASTING "HARD OO" and "SOFT oo"

     

    -- WE P{U}LLED HIM OUT OF THE SWIMMING P[OO]L.
    -- HE P{U}T HIS F{OO}T IN THE N[EW] B[OO]T.
    -- THE W{O}MAN SAID G{OO}D-BYE TO HER ST[U]DENTS..
    -- HE C{OU}LDN'T PR[O]VE THAT THE N[EW]S WAS TR[UE].

     

    And here are some additional contrasts between the hard and soft vowels which aren't recorded on the tape.

     

    [ ] { } [ ] { }
    wooed wood cooed could
    pool pull fool full
    who'd hood shoed should
    stewed stood Luke look

     

    PAIR #4: "HARD O" "SOFT AW" {Counter #........}

     

    L 1/ S 4-A: "THE "HARD O"

    Phonetic symbol: [ ou ]

     

    COMMON SPELLINGS:
    "o" as in OVER, OCEAN, NOTION, POLAR, TOMATO
    "o+consonat+e" as in WROTE, QUOTE,,SMOKE
    " ow" as in ROW, BOWL, GROW
    OCCASIONAL SPELLINGS:
    "ew" an in SEW "os " as in SOAK, LOAF
    " oe " as in WOEFUL "ough" as in FURLOUGH

     

    GO, HOME, MOTION, OVER, OCEAN, NO, GROW, ECHO, PHONE, NOBODY
    GOAL, ROLE, MOLD, COLD
    - I HOPE I CAN GO HOME TOMORROW.
    - SHE ROWED THE BOAT OVER THE OCEAN.
    - HE WROTE HOME HOPING FOR A BIG LOAN.

     

    Now some additional drills for the "Hard O" vowel:

     

    romance notion phone grow loan
    lowly co-host oaken legato hope
    furlough ghost slowly sew solo
    apropos grocery ocean window soak
    romance dough staccato bold loan
    photo blown moment loaf row
    wrote tomato motion loco flow
    polar bloated don't moan over
    pathos woeful float cone echo


    - Long ago people slept on the cold earth.
    - Slowly the ocean rolled toward the row of homes.
    - The oboe and celled sat alone, echoing tone for tone.
    - He was bloated after eating a roast and a tomato.
    - Of all the folks I know, he is the most hopeful.
    - The rowboat slowly floated in the ocean.
    - I told Joan that the snow is flown in from Ohio.
    - Smoke rolled out the open end of the hotel window
    - Joan wrote to Joe, hoping for romance.
    - I told the owner of the boat to be bold.
    - I took the dough out of the bowl to make the loaf.

     

    L 1/ S 4-贐: "THE "SOFT AW"

    Phonetic symbol: [ ?]

     

    COMMON SPELLINGS:
    "a (1) " as in WALK ALL MALL
    " au" as in SAUCE APPLAUD LAUNDRY CAUSE
    " aw" as in AWFUL FLAN JAW LAWN
    OCCASIONAL SPELLINGS:
    "O" as in CLOTH, OFF, SONG, MOSS
    All, WALK, RAW, OUGHT
    APPLAUD, TAUGHT, NAUGHT, NAUTICAL, CAUSE, SAUCE
    OFTEN, CLOTH, LOST, SALT
    - THE TALL AUTHOR PAUSED AND WALKED HOME.
    - LEAVES FALL ON THE LAWN VERY OFTEN.
    - PAUL ATE SOME REALLY AWFUL SAUCE.
    - DON'T WALK OFF WITH SUCH A BAD COUGH.

     

    Now try these extra words and sentences for the "Soft AW" vowel which are not recorded on the tape.

     

    applaud laundry sought naught draw gnaw
    chalk flawless loft Walker flaw lawn
    coffee shawl tongs thought mall awe
    malted bawdy strong caught moth walk
    author mothball wrong brought hall jaw
    taught hallway glossy bought loft off
    vault cloth vaulted pause long all
    cause nautical cough tall lost wall
    autisti cought wrought laud raw stall


    - The tall author walked often.
    - The awkward, awful, strong man walked home.
    - Lost boys often become flawless at reform school.
    - Horses often cost more than the monthly draw.
    - The dog fought the moth he had brought home.
    - He stalked the ball and then vaulted down the hall.
    - The awful sauce made Paul pause and then walk away.
    - The cat crawled across the lawn with its hurt paw.
    - Right or wrong, we applauded the awkward author.
    - The cloth in the hall smells of moth balls.
    - You taught me to vault flawlessly without falling.

     

    L 1/ S 4-C: CONTRASTING "HARD O" & "SOFT AW"

     

    -- [0]VER {A}LL, CL{0} TH IS BETTER THAN G[0]LD.
    -- I S{AW} HIM W{A}LK H[0]ME AL[0]NE.
    -- D[0]N'T F{A}LL IN THE [O]CEAN WHILE W{A}LKING ON THE B[OA]T.

     

    Now try these other contrasts between the hard and soft vowel which are not recorded on the tape.

     

    { } [ ] { } [ ]
    loft loafed walk woke
    stall stole caught coat
    pause pose chalk choke

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