[00:00.00]Unit 13 text A
[00:05.20]Work,Labor,and Play
[00:07.12]工作,劳作和玩
[00:09.04]So far as I know,Miss Hannah Arendt
[00:11.52] 据我所知,汉纳.阿伦特小姐
[00:14.00]was the first person to define the essential difference between work and labor.
[00:17.53]是第一个定义工作和劳作之间本质区别的人.
[00:21.05]To be happy,a man must feel,firstly,free and,secondly,important
[00:25.29]要高兴,首先一个人必须感到自由,其次感到重要.
[00:29.52]He cannot be really happy if he is compelled by society
[00:35.16]to do what he does not enjoy doing,
[00:37.43]如果他被社会强迫做他不喜欢做的事
[00:39.71]or if what he enjoys doing is ignored by society as of no value or importance.
[00:44.08]认为无价值和不重要,他就不会真正高兴.
[00:48.46]In a society where slavery in the strict sense has been abolished,
[00:51.88]在一个严格来说奴隶制已被废除的社会里,
[00:55.30]the sign that what a man does is of social valueis that he is paid money to do it,
[00:59.48]一个人所做的事情具有社会价值的标志是他做此工作得到了报酬,
[01:03.66]but a laborer today can rightly be called a wage slave.
[01:07.19]但今天的劳作者可以恰当地称为薪水的奴隶.
[01:10.71]A man is a laborer if the job society offers him is of no interest to himself
[01:15.34]如果社会提供给他的工作他不感兴趣,
[01:19.96]but he is compelled to take it by the necessity of earning a living
[01:26.73]and supporting his family.
[01:28.56]但他出于谋生和养家的必须而被近接受,这个人就是劳作者.
[01:30.38]The antithesis to labor is play.
[01:32.96] 与劳作相对立的是玩.
[01:35.53]When we play a game,we enjoy what we are doing
[01:38.19]当玩游戏时,我们享受我们所做的事,
[01:40.86]otherwise we should not play it,
[01:42.75]否则我们不会玩,
[01:44.65]but it is a purely private activity;
[01:47.01]但它纯粹是私人活动;
[01:49.37]society could not care less whether we play it or not.
[01:52.09]社会对你玩或不玩游戏是极不关心的.
[01:54.81]Between labor and play stands work.
[01:57.38] 处于劳作和玩之间的是工作.
[01:59.95]A man is a worker
[02:03.72]if he is personally interested in the job which society pays him to do;
[02:07.20]如果一个人对社会付酬给他做的工作感兴趣,他就是工作者;
[02:10.69]what from the point of view of society is necessary labor is
[02:17.64]from his own point of view voluntary play.
[02:20.62]从社会的观点来看,工作是必要的劳作,也是个人以上中自愿的玩.
[02:23.60]Whether a job is to be classified as labor or work
[02:31.04]depends not on the job itself,
[02:35.01]but on the tastes of the individual who undertakes it.
[02:37.74]一件活儿被劳作变或工作,不看其本身而要看承担它的个体的感受.
[02:40.47]The difference does not,for example
[02:44.83]coincide with the difference between a manual and a mental job;
[02:48.02]例如,这个区别与体力劳动和脑力劳动之间的区别并不一致;
[02:51.21]a gardener or a cobbler may be a worker,a bank clerk a laborer
[02:55.83]一个园艺工人或一个补鞋匠可能是工作者,一个银行职员可能是个劳作者.
[03:00.45]Which a man is can be seen from his attitude toward leisure.
[03:03.69]一个人属于哪能一种可以从他对休闲的态度看出来.
[03:06.93]To a worker,leisure means simply the hours he needs to relax
[03:14.06]and rest in order to work efficiently.
[03:16.58]对于一个工作者,休闲只是他为有效地工作而放松和休息的时间,
[03:19.11]He is therefore more likely to take too little leisure than too much
[03:22.44]所以他更可能进行太少的休闲,而不是太多的休闲;
[03:25.77]workers die of coronaries and forget their wives' birthdays.
[03:29.04]工作者可能死于冠状动脉血栓症,忘记他们妻子的生日.
[03:32.32]To the laborer,on the other hand,leisure means freedom from compulsion
[03:35.50]因此对他们来说,会很自然地去想象他们
[03:38.67]so that it is natural for him to imagine
[03:41.15]被迫花在工作上的时间越少,
[03:43.63]that the fewer hour she has to spend laboring,
[03:49.56]and the more hours he is free to play,the better.
[03:52.54]自由自在玩的时间越多,就越好.
[03:55.52]What percentage of the population in a modern technological society are
[04:03.77]like myself,in the fortunate position of being workers?
[04:07.11] 像我这样,幸运地作为工作者的人在现代技术社会里占有多大的比例呢?
[04:10.44]At a guess I would say sixteen per cent,
[04:13.06]我猜测为16%,
[04:15.69]and I do not think that figure is likely to get bigger in the future
[04:18.61]并且我认为那个数字将来不可能变得更大.
[04:21.54]Technology and the division of labor have done two things:
[04:24.72] 技术和劳动分工已产生了两点影响:
[04:27.91]by eliminating in many fields the need for special strength or skill
[04:31.44]通过在许多领域内减少对特殊力量和技巧的需求,
[04:34.96]they have made a very large number of paid occupations
[04:40.82]which formerly were enjoyable work into boring labor,
[04:44.06]它们已使大量过去愉快的有偿工作变成使人厌烦的工作,
[04:47.29]and by increasing productivity
[04:51.66]they have reduced the number of necessary laboring hours.
[04:54.74]通过提高生产率它们减少了一些必要的劳动时间.
[04:57.82]It is already possible to imagine a society in which
[05:03.99]the majority of the population,
[05:08.06]that is to say, its laborers,
[05:09.60]已经有可能去设想这样一个社会,大多数人,即劳作者,
[05:11.14]will have almost as much leisure as in earlier times
[05:17.10]was enjoyed by the aristocracy.
[05:19.07]将拥有几乎与早期贵州所享用的一样多的休闲.
[05:21.04]When one recalls how aristocracies in the past actually behaved
[05:28.02]the prospect is not cheerful.
[05:30.04]当一个人回忆起过去贵州实际上的所作所为,前景就不会乐观了.
[05:32.07]Indeed,the problem of dealing with boredom
[05:34.89]的确,对于 这样一个未来群众社会,
[05:37.71]may be even more difficult for such a future mass society
[05:43.77]than it was for aristocracies.
[05:45.85]对付无聊的问题可能甚至更困难.
[05:47.92]The latter,for example,ritualized their time;
[05:50.85]例如,后者使他们的时间仪式化了,
[05:53.78]there was a season to shoot grouse,a season to spend-in town,etc
[05:57.81]有射猪松鸡的季节,在镇上度日的季节等等.
[06:01.85]The masses are more likely to replace an unchanging ritual by fashion
[06:05.48]群众更可能用时尚取代千篇一律的程式,
[06:09.11]which it will be in the economic interest of certain peopleto change
[06:15.17]as often as possible.
[06:16.95]而尽可能经常地改变时常也符合某些人的经济利益.
[06:18.72]Again,the masses cannot go in for hunting,
[06:21.24]同样,群众也不能都有打猎的爱好,
[06:23.76]for very soon there would be no animals left to hunt.
[06:26.44]因为很快就会没有动物可供射猎.
[06:29.12]For other aristocratic amusements-like gambling,dueling,and warfare
[06:32.80]对于其他贵州娱乐活动像赌博,决斗和战争,
[06:36.49]it may be only too easy to find equivalents in dangerous driving,
[06:39.87]可能很容易在危险驾驶,
[06:43.25]drag-taking,and senseless acts of violence.
[06:45.84]吸毒和愚蠢的暴力行为中找到等价物.
[06:48.42]Workers seldom commit acts of violence
[06:50.91]工作者很少有暴力行为,
[06:53.39]because they can put their aggression into their work,
[06:55.82]因为他们能把进取心放在他们的工作上,
[06:58.25]be it physical like the work of a smith
[07:03.11]or mental like the work of a scientist or an artist.
[07:05.93]不管是铁匠从事的体力劳动,还是科学家或艺术家从事的脑力劳动.
[07:08.75]The role of aggression in mental work
[07:13.61]is aptly expressed by the phrase "getting one's teeth into a problem."
[07:17.39]"把牙伸到某个问题中"这条习语很贴切地表示出了进取心在智力工作中的作用.
[07:21.18]Text B
[07:24.03]The Workman's Compensation
[07:25.84]劳动者的补偿
[07:27.66]How can someone,hour after hour,day after day,year in and year out
[07:31.38] 一个人怎么能一个又一个小时,一天又一天,一年又一年地
[07:35.11]tighten approximately the same nut to the same bolt and not go mad?
[07:38.28]把几乎相同的螺帽拧到相同的螺栓上,而不发疯呢?
[07:41.45]That most working people do not,in fact,go mad
[07:46.21]is due in large measure to a phenomenon so common
[07:51.28]that it is found wherever people labor in industry:
[07:53.64]事实上,多数劳动者并不民疯大半是由于"不紧不慢"的现象很平常,
[07:56.00]taking it easy.
[07:57.43]在企业中有人工作的地方到处可见.
[07:58.85]It would take some kind of real mental case
[08:02.82]to do all the work one could all day long.
[08:04.95]一个人恐怕要有某种真正的精神病才能一整天竭尽全力的干活.
[08:07.08]No one expects it.
[08:08.54]没有人希望这样.
[08:10.00]Taking it easy on the job while someone else covers your work,
[08:12.63]在别人帮你照看你的工作时,你就不紧不慢地干,
[08:15.26]or "working on and off," as it is usually called in America,
[08:18.04]也就是像美国人通常说的那样"干干停停",
[08:20.82]is an established part of the working life.
[08:22.80]是工作生涯的一个既定部分.
[08:24.79]Working on and off,however,has its limits.
[08:27.57] 然而,干干停停有它的局限性.
[08:30.35]The rules are infinitely varied,subtle,and flexible,
[08:33.08]这些惯例的变化无尽无休,很微妙,很有弹性.
[08:35.81]and of course, they are always changing.
[08:38.00]当然,它们总变.
[08:40.18]Management,up to a certain level at least,is aware of the practice
[08:43.42]管理部门,至少在一定程度上,知道这种做法.
[08:46.65]and in some industries employs entire cadres of people
[08:52.01]to curtail or put an end to it.
[08:54.09]一些企业雇佣干部以减少或结束这种做法.
[08:56.16]Simultaneously,the workers are subtly doing their best
[09:01.73]to keep it goingand to extend it wherever possible.
[09:04.21]同时,工人们巧妙地,尽最大努力使之继续下去并使之延伸到可能的任何地方.
[09:06.69]Every worker has a highly developed sense of how much work is expected of him
[09:09.86] 每一个工人都地自己要做多少工作高度敏感.
[09:13.04]When he feels that the expectation is excessive,
[09:15.36]当他感到希望他做的事过多时,
[09:17.69]he tries to do something about it.
[09:19.52]就会浓度采取某些措施.
[09:21.35]This instinct has to do with the political nature of work itself
[09:26.70]something every modern worker understands.
[09:28.83]这种天性与每一个现代工人所懂得的工作本身的政治特性有关.
[09:30.96]The bosses want more from the workerthan they are willing to give in return.
[09:33.90]老板希望从工人身上得到的比他们给予工人的要多;
[09:36.84]The workers give work, and the bosses give money.
[09:39.21]工人付出劳动,老板付出报酬.
[09:41.59]The exchange is never quite equal,and the discrepancy is called profit
[09:44.15]这个交换从来不会太平等,这个差异叫做利润.
[09:46.71]Since the bosses cannot do without profit,workers have an edge.
[09:49.58]由于老板不能没有利润,工人们就占了上风.
[09:52.46]A good worker in a key spot could,so long as he kept up production
[09:55.38]一个在关键岗位的好工人,只要他保持着产量不降低,
[09:58.31]take all the coffee breaks he wanted
[10:00.19]可以随心所欲地利用工间休息,
[10:02.07]and the bosses would very likely look the other way.
[10:04.25]而老板很可能装作没看见.
[10:06.43]He could also choose to cut down on the coffee breaks,apply himself
[10:09.36]他也可以缩短工间休息,努力干活,增加生产,
[10:12.28]and increase production,and then ask for and get more money.
[10:15.07]然后要求并得到更多的钱.
[10:17.85]But that would be selfdefeating,and he knows it.
[10:19.98]但他知道那是违背自己的利益的,
[10:22.11]It would also place him in competition with other workers,
[10:24.54]它也会置他于与其工人的竞争中,
[10:26.96]which would be playing into the bosses'hands.
[10:29.00]这种竞争会有利于老板.
[10:31.04]What he would rather do is create some slack for himself
[10:36.08]and enjoy his job more.
[10:37.70]他宁愿休憩的是为自己创造一些空闲,更好地享受工作.
[10:39.32]At present on the West Coast,
[10:41.04]目前在西海岸,
[10:42.77]when a gang of longshoremen working on cargo start a shift,
[10:45.43]从事船货装卸工作的一伙码头装卸工开始轮班时,
[10:48.10]they often divide themselves into two equal groups and toss a coin.
[10:50.88]他们经常把自己分成两组,然后掷硬币决定先后顺序.
[10:53.66]One group goes into the far reaches of the ship's hold and sits around
[10:56.54]一组走到船舱的深处四散坐下.
[10:59.41]The other group starts loading cargo,usually working with a vengeance
[11:01.46]另一组开始装货,通常十得很猛,
[11:03.51]since each one of them is doing the work of two men.
[11:05.74]因为他们每个人正在做两个人的工作,
[11:07.98]An hour later,the groups change places.
[11:10.16]一小时以后,两个组交换位置.
[11:12.34]In other words,although my fellow longshoremen and I
[11:14.98]换句话,虽然我和我的装卸工人
[11:17.62]are getting paid for eight hours,
[11:19.75]同伴们获得8小时的报酬,
[11:21.87]on occasion we work only four.
[11:23.70]有时却只工作4小时.
[11:25.53]If someone reading this feels a sense of moral outrage
[11:27.90]如果有人读到这些,
[11:30.26]because we are sitting down on the job,I am sorry.
[11:32.74]因为我们怠工而愤慨的话,我很抱歉.
[11:35.22]I have searched my mind in vain
[11:36.99]我白白绞尽脑汁想找到一个礼貌的说法,
[11:38.75]for a polite way to tell that reader to go to hell.
[11:40.97]告诉这位读者,让他见鬼去吧.
[11:43.19]If you are that reader,I would recommend that you abandon your outrage
[11:45.97] 如果你是那个读者,我会劝告你放弃你的愤慨,
[11:48.75]and begin thinking about doing something similar for yourself.
[11:51.13]开始为自己考虑一下类似的一些事情吧.
[11:53.51]You probably already have,even if you won't admit it.
[11:55.94]你可能已经想过了,即使你不会承认.
[11:58.37]White collar office workers,too,
[12:02.13]have come under criticism recently
[12:05.68]for robbing their bosses of their full-time services.
[12:07.90]近来,白领的办公室职员也由于使他们的老板得不到全天服务而受到批评.
[12:10.12]Too much time is being spent around the Mr.Coffee machine,
[12:12.66]太多的时间花在了电煮咖啡器周围,
[12:15.19]and some people (would you believe it?)
[12:17.25]一些人(你会相信吗?)
[12:19.32]have even been having personal conversations on company time.
[12:22.10]甚至在工作时间进行私人交谈
[12:24.88]In fact,one office-system expert recently said
[12:27.40]事实上,一个办公制度专家近来说,
[12:29.92]he had yet to encounter a business work place
[12:34.47]that was functioning at more than about 60 percent efficiency.
[12:37.13]他还没有遇到工作效率高于60%的商业地点.
[12:39.80]Management often struggles hard
[12:43.66]to set up a situation where work is done in series:
[12:45.94] 管理部门经常努力创建一条龙式的工作:
[12:48.21]worker receives an article of manufacture,
[12:50.34]一个工人接到一件产品,为之做些什么,
[12:52.47]does something to it and passes it on to another worker,
[12:54.90]把传给另一个工人,这个工人再做些什么,
[12:57.33]who does something else to it and then passes it on to the next guy,and so on
[13:00.56]然后传给下一个工人,如此依次传下去.
[13:03.80]The assembly line is a perfect example of this.
[13:06.02]装配线就是一个极好的例子.
[13:08.24]Managers like this type of manufacture because it is more efficient
[13:10.83]经理喜欢这种生产方式,因为它效率更高,
[13:13.42]that is,it achieves more production.
[13:15.44]也就是说能生产出更多的产品来.
[13:17.47]They also like it for another reason,even if they will not admit it
[13:20.18]他们喜欢它还有另一原因,尽管他们不会承认:
[13:22.90]it makes it very difficult for the worker to do anything other than work
[13:25.56]它使工人很难做工作以外的其他事情.
[13:28.23]Frederick W.Taylor,the efficiency expert who early in this century
[13:34.79]conducted the time-and-motion studies
[13:36.91] 弗雷德里克.W.仄勒,本世纪初进行时间和运动研究的效率专家,
[13:39.04]that led to the assemblyline process,tried to reduce workers to robots
[13:42.07]他的研究导致了装配线工序.
[13:45.10]all in the name of greater production.
[13:46.98]他谋略把工人变成机器人,只是为了更大的产量.
[13:48.87]His staff of experts,each armed with clipboard and stopwatch
[13:51.65]他的专家组每人配有带球撞人弹簧夹子的收发室板和秒表,
[13:54.43]studied individual workers with a view to ward eliminating unnecessary movement.
[13:57.66]研究一个个的工人,使他们不能偷懒.
[14:00.88]They soon found a great deal of opposition from the workers.
[14:03.31]他们很快发现工人们特别反对.
[14:05.74]Most people not directly engaged in daily work
[14:10.42]express disapproval when they hear of people working on and off.
[14:12.99] 大多数不直接从事日常工作的人听到人们"干干停停"地工作时,会表示不赞同.
[14:15.56]A studied campaign with carefully chosen language
[14:20.21]a full day's work for a full day's pay,"
[14:22.29]一些词语推选了一场预告计划的运动,
[14:24.37]"taking a free ride"--has been pushed by certain employers to discredit the practice,
[14:31.21]and their success is such that I rarely discuss it except with other workers
[14:34.19]除了同其他工人,我很少谈起他们的成功.
[14:37.17]My response is personal,and I feel no need to defend it:
[14:39.80]我的回答是个人观点,我感到没必要为之辩护:
[14:42.44]If I am getting a free ride,
[14:44.27]如果我只拿钱不干活儿,
[14:46.10]how come I am so tired when I go home at the end of a shift?
[14:48.67]我下班回家后怎么会那么累呢?
[00:05.20]Work,Labor,and Play
[00:07.12]工作,劳作和玩
[00:09.04]So far as I know,Miss Hannah Arendt
[00:11.52] 据我所知,汉纳.阿伦特小姐
[00:14.00]was the first person to define the essential difference between work and labor.
[00:17.53]是第一个定义工作和劳作之间本质区别的人.
[00:21.05]To be happy,a man must feel,firstly,free and,secondly,important
[00:25.29]要高兴,首先一个人必须感到自由,其次感到重要.
[00:29.52]He cannot be really happy if he is compelled by society
[00:35.16]to do what he does not enjoy doing,
[00:37.43]如果他被社会强迫做他不喜欢做的事
[00:39.71]or if what he enjoys doing is ignored by society as of no value or importance.
[00:44.08]认为无价值和不重要,他就不会真正高兴.
[00:48.46]In a society where slavery in the strict sense has been abolished,
[00:51.88]在一个严格来说奴隶制已被废除的社会里,
[00:55.30]the sign that what a man does is of social valueis that he is paid money to do it,
[00:59.48]一个人所做的事情具有社会价值的标志是他做此工作得到了报酬,
[01:03.66]but a laborer today can rightly be called a wage slave.
[01:07.19]但今天的劳作者可以恰当地称为薪水的奴隶.
[01:10.71]A man is a laborer if the job society offers him is of no interest to himself
[01:15.34]如果社会提供给他的工作他不感兴趣,
[01:19.96]but he is compelled to take it by the necessity of earning a living
[01:26.73]and supporting his family.
[01:28.56]但他出于谋生和养家的必须而被近接受,这个人就是劳作者.
[01:30.38]The antithesis to labor is play.
[01:32.96] 与劳作相对立的是玩.
[01:35.53]When we play a game,we enjoy what we are doing
[01:38.19]当玩游戏时,我们享受我们所做的事,
[01:40.86]otherwise we should not play it,
[01:42.75]否则我们不会玩,
[01:44.65]but it is a purely private activity;
[01:47.01]但它纯粹是私人活动;
[01:49.37]society could not care less whether we play it or not.
[01:52.09]社会对你玩或不玩游戏是极不关心的.
[01:54.81]Between labor and play stands work.
[01:57.38] 处于劳作和玩之间的是工作.
[01:59.95]A man is a worker
[02:03.72]if he is personally interested in the job which society pays him to do;
[02:07.20]如果一个人对社会付酬给他做的工作感兴趣,他就是工作者;
[02:10.69]what from the point of view of society is necessary labor is
[02:17.64]from his own point of view voluntary play.
[02:20.62]从社会的观点来看,工作是必要的劳作,也是个人以上中自愿的玩.
[02:23.60]Whether a job is to be classified as labor or work
[02:31.04]depends not on the job itself,
[02:35.01]but on the tastes of the individual who undertakes it.
[02:37.74]一件活儿被劳作变或工作,不看其本身而要看承担它的个体的感受.
[02:40.47]The difference does not,for example
[02:44.83]coincide with the difference between a manual and a mental job;
[02:48.02]例如,这个区别与体力劳动和脑力劳动之间的区别并不一致;
[02:51.21]a gardener or a cobbler may be a worker,a bank clerk a laborer
[02:55.83]一个园艺工人或一个补鞋匠可能是工作者,一个银行职员可能是个劳作者.
[03:00.45]Which a man is can be seen from his attitude toward leisure.
[03:03.69]一个人属于哪能一种可以从他对休闲的态度看出来.
[03:06.93]To a worker,leisure means simply the hours he needs to relax
[03:14.06]and rest in order to work efficiently.
[03:16.58]对于一个工作者,休闲只是他为有效地工作而放松和休息的时间,
[03:19.11]He is therefore more likely to take too little leisure than too much
[03:22.44]所以他更可能进行太少的休闲,而不是太多的休闲;
[03:25.77]workers die of coronaries and forget their wives' birthdays.
[03:29.04]工作者可能死于冠状动脉血栓症,忘记他们妻子的生日.
[03:32.32]To the laborer,on the other hand,leisure means freedom from compulsion
[03:35.50]因此对他们来说,会很自然地去想象他们
[03:38.67]so that it is natural for him to imagine
[03:41.15]被迫花在工作上的时间越少,
[03:43.63]that the fewer hour she has to spend laboring,
[03:49.56]and the more hours he is free to play,the better.
[03:52.54]自由自在玩的时间越多,就越好.
[03:55.52]What percentage of the population in a modern technological society are
[04:03.77]like myself,in the fortunate position of being workers?
[04:07.11] 像我这样,幸运地作为工作者的人在现代技术社会里占有多大的比例呢?
[04:10.44]At a guess I would say sixteen per cent,
[04:13.06]我猜测为16%,
[04:15.69]and I do not think that figure is likely to get bigger in the future
[04:18.61]并且我认为那个数字将来不可能变得更大.
[04:21.54]Technology and the division of labor have done two things:
[04:24.72] 技术和劳动分工已产生了两点影响:
[04:27.91]by eliminating in many fields the need for special strength or skill
[04:31.44]通过在许多领域内减少对特殊力量和技巧的需求,
[04:34.96]they have made a very large number of paid occupations
[04:40.82]which formerly were enjoyable work into boring labor,
[04:44.06]它们已使大量过去愉快的有偿工作变成使人厌烦的工作,
[04:47.29]and by increasing productivity
[04:51.66]they have reduced the number of necessary laboring hours.
[04:54.74]通过提高生产率它们减少了一些必要的劳动时间.
[04:57.82]It is already possible to imagine a society in which
[05:03.99]the majority of the population,
[05:08.06]that is to say, its laborers,
[05:09.60]已经有可能去设想这样一个社会,大多数人,即劳作者,
[05:11.14]will have almost as much leisure as in earlier times
[05:17.10]was enjoyed by the aristocracy.
[05:19.07]将拥有几乎与早期贵州所享用的一样多的休闲.
[05:21.04]When one recalls how aristocracies in the past actually behaved
[05:28.02]the prospect is not cheerful.
[05:30.04]当一个人回忆起过去贵州实际上的所作所为,前景就不会乐观了.
[05:32.07]Indeed,the problem of dealing with boredom
[05:34.89]的确,对于 这样一个未来群众社会,
[05:37.71]may be even more difficult for such a future mass society
[05:43.77]than it was for aristocracies.
[05:45.85]对付无聊的问题可能甚至更困难.
[05:47.92]The latter,for example,ritualized their time;
[05:50.85]例如,后者使他们的时间仪式化了,
[05:53.78]there was a season to shoot grouse,a season to spend-in town,etc
[05:57.81]有射猪松鸡的季节,在镇上度日的季节等等.
[06:01.85]The masses are more likely to replace an unchanging ritual by fashion
[06:05.48]群众更可能用时尚取代千篇一律的程式,
[06:09.11]which it will be in the economic interest of certain peopleto change
[06:15.17]as often as possible.
[06:16.95]而尽可能经常地改变时常也符合某些人的经济利益.
[06:18.72]Again,the masses cannot go in for hunting,
[06:21.24]同样,群众也不能都有打猎的爱好,
[06:23.76]for very soon there would be no animals left to hunt.
[06:26.44]因为很快就会没有动物可供射猎.
[06:29.12]For other aristocratic amusements-like gambling,dueling,and warfare
[06:32.80]对于其他贵州娱乐活动像赌博,决斗和战争,
[06:36.49]it may be only too easy to find equivalents in dangerous driving,
[06:39.87]可能很容易在危险驾驶,
[06:43.25]drag-taking,and senseless acts of violence.
[06:45.84]吸毒和愚蠢的暴力行为中找到等价物.
[06:48.42]Workers seldom commit acts of violence
[06:50.91]工作者很少有暴力行为,
[06:53.39]because they can put their aggression into their work,
[06:55.82]因为他们能把进取心放在他们的工作上,
[06:58.25]be it physical like the work of a smith
[07:03.11]or mental like the work of a scientist or an artist.
[07:05.93]不管是铁匠从事的体力劳动,还是科学家或艺术家从事的脑力劳动.
[07:08.75]The role of aggression in mental work
[07:13.61]is aptly expressed by the phrase "getting one's teeth into a problem."
[07:17.39]"把牙伸到某个问题中"这条习语很贴切地表示出了进取心在智力工作中的作用.
[07:21.18]Text B
[07:24.03]The Workman's Compensation
[07:25.84]劳动者的补偿
[07:27.66]How can someone,hour after hour,day after day,year in and year out
[07:31.38] 一个人怎么能一个又一个小时,一天又一天,一年又一年地
[07:35.11]tighten approximately the same nut to the same bolt and not go mad?
[07:38.28]把几乎相同的螺帽拧到相同的螺栓上,而不发疯呢?
[07:41.45]That most working people do not,in fact,go mad
[07:46.21]is due in large measure to a phenomenon so common
[07:51.28]that it is found wherever people labor in industry:
[07:53.64]事实上,多数劳动者并不民疯大半是由于"不紧不慢"的现象很平常,
[07:56.00]taking it easy.
[07:57.43]在企业中有人工作的地方到处可见.
[07:58.85]It would take some kind of real mental case
[08:02.82]to do all the work one could all day long.
[08:04.95]一个人恐怕要有某种真正的精神病才能一整天竭尽全力的干活.
[08:07.08]No one expects it.
[08:08.54]没有人希望这样.
[08:10.00]Taking it easy on the job while someone else covers your work,
[08:12.63]在别人帮你照看你的工作时,你就不紧不慢地干,
[08:15.26]or "working on and off," as it is usually called in America,
[08:18.04]也就是像美国人通常说的那样"干干停停",
[08:20.82]is an established part of the working life.
[08:22.80]是工作生涯的一个既定部分.
[08:24.79]Working on and off,however,has its limits.
[08:27.57] 然而,干干停停有它的局限性.
[08:30.35]The rules are infinitely varied,subtle,and flexible,
[08:33.08]这些惯例的变化无尽无休,很微妙,很有弹性.
[08:35.81]and of course, they are always changing.
[08:38.00]当然,它们总变.
[08:40.18]Management,up to a certain level at least,is aware of the practice
[08:43.42]管理部门,至少在一定程度上,知道这种做法.
[08:46.65]and in some industries employs entire cadres of people
[08:52.01]to curtail or put an end to it.
[08:54.09]一些企业雇佣干部以减少或结束这种做法.
[08:56.16]Simultaneously,the workers are subtly doing their best
[09:01.73]to keep it goingand to extend it wherever possible.
[09:04.21]同时,工人们巧妙地,尽最大努力使之继续下去并使之延伸到可能的任何地方.
[09:06.69]Every worker has a highly developed sense of how much work is expected of him
[09:09.86] 每一个工人都地自己要做多少工作高度敏感.
[09:13.04]When he feels that the expectation is excessive,
[09:15.36]当他感到希望他做的事过多时,
[09:17.69]he tries to do something about it.
[09:19.52]就会浓度采取某些措施.
[09:21.35]This instinct has to do with the political nature of work itself
[09:26.70]something every modern worker understands.
[09:28.83]这种天性与每一个现代工人所懂得的工作本身的政治特性有关.
[09:30.96]The bosses want more from the workerthan they are willing to give in return.
[09:33.90]老板希望从工人身上得到的比他们给予工人的要多;
[09:36.84]The workers give work, and the bosses give money.
[09:39.21]工人付出劳动,老板付出报酬.
[09:41.59]The exchange is never quite equal,and the discrepancy is called profit
[09:44.15]这个交换从来不会太平等,这个差异叫做利润.
[09:46.71]Since the bosses cannot do without profit,workers have an edge.
[09:49.58]由于老板不能没有利润,工人们就占了上风.
[09:52.46]A good worker in a key spot could,so long as he kept up production
[09:55.38]一个在关键岗位的好工人,只要他保持着产量不降低,
[09:58.31]take all the coffee breaks he wanted
[10:00.19]可以随心所欲地利用工间休息,
[10:02.07]and the bosses would very likely look the other way.
[10:04.25]而老板很可能装作没看见.
[10:06.43]He could also choose to cut down on the coffee breaks,apply himself
[10:09.36]他也可以缩短工间休息,努力干活,增加生产,
[10:12.28]and increase production,and then ask for and get more money.
[10:15.07]然后要求并得到更多的钱.
[10:17.85]But that would be selfdefeating,and he knows it.
[10:19.98]但他知道那是违背自己的利益的,
[10:22.11]It would also place him in competition with other workers,
[10:24.54]它也会置他于与其工人的竞争中,
[10:26.96]which would be playing into the bosses'hands.
[10:29.00]这种竞争会有利于老板.
[10:31.04]What he would rather do is create some slack for himself
[10:36.08]and enjoy his job more.
[10:37.70]他宁愿休憩的是为自己创造一些空闲,更好地享受工作.
[10:39.32]At present on the West Coast,
[10:41.04]目前在西海岸,
[10:42.77]when a gang of longshoremen working on cargo start a shift,
[10:45.43]从事船货装卸工作的一伙码头装卸工开始轮班时,
[10:48.10]they often divide themselves into two equal groups and toss a coin.
[10:50.88]他们经常把自己分成两组,然后掷硬币决定先后顺序.
[10:53.66]One group goes into the far reaches of the ship's hold and sits around
[10:56.54]一组走到船舱的深处四散坐下.
[10:59.41]The other group starts loading cargo,usually working with a vengeance
[11:01.46]另一组开始装货,通常十得很猛,
[11:03.51]since each one of them is doing the work of two men.
[11:05.74]因为他们每个人正在做两个人的工作,
[11:07.98]An hour later,the groups change places.
[11:10.16]一小时以后,两个组交换位置.
[11:12.34]In other words,although my fellow longshoremen and I
[11:14.98]换句话,虽然我和我的装卸工人
[11:17.62]are getting paid for eight hours,
[11:19.75]同伴们获得8小时的报酬,
[11:21.87]on occasion we work only four.
[11:23.70]有时却只工作4小时.
[11:25.53]If someone reading this feels a sense of moral outrage
[11:27.90]如果有人读到这些,
[11:30.26]because we are sitting down on the job,I am sorry.
[11:32.74]因为我们怠工而愤慨的话,我很抱歉.
[11:35.22]I have searched my mind in vain
[11:36.99]我白白绞尽脑汁想找到一个礼貌的说法,
[11:38.75]for a polite way to tell that reader to go to hell.
[11:40.97]告诉这位读者,让他见鬼去吧.
[11:43.19]If you are that reader,I would recommend that you abandon your outrage
[11:45.97] 如果你是那个读者,我会劝告你放弃你的愤慨,
[11:48.75]and begin thinking about doing something similar for yourself.
[11:51.13]开始为自己考虑一下类似的一些事情吧.
[11:53.51]You probably already have,even if you won't admit it.
[11:55.94]你可能已经想过了,即使你不会承认.
[11:58.37]White collar office workers,too,
[12:02.13]have come under criticism recently
[12:05.68]for robbing their bosses of their full-time services.
[12:07.90]近来,白领的办公室职员也由于使他们的老板得不到全天服务而受到批评.
[12:10.12]Too much time is being spent around the Mr.Coffee machine,
[12:12.66]太多的时间花在了电煮咖啡器周围,
[12:15.19]and some people (would you believe it?)
[12:17.25]一些人(你会相信吗?)
[12:19.32]have even been having personal conversations on company time.
[12:22.10]甚至在工作时间进行私人交谈
[12:24.88]In fact,one office-system expert recently said
[12:27.40]事实上,一个办公制度专家近来说,
[12:29.92]he had yet to encounter a business work place
[12:34.47]that was functioning at more than about 60 percent efficiency.
[12:37.13]他还没有遇到工作效率高于60%的商业地点.
[12:39.80]Management often struggles hard
[12:43.66]to set up a situation where work is done in series:
[12:45.94] 管理部门经常努力创建一条龙式的工作:
[12:48.21]worker receives an article of manufacture,
[12:50.34]一个工人接到一件产品,为之做些什么,
[12:52.47]does something to it and passes it on to another worker,
[12:54.90]把传给另一个工人,这个工人再做些什么,
[12:57.33]who does something else to it and then passes it on to the next guy,and so on
[13:00.56]然后传给下一个工人,如此依次传下去.
[13:03.80]The assembly line is a perfect example of this.
[13:06.02]装配线就是一个极好的例子.
[13:08.24]Managers like this type of manufacture because it is more efficient
[13:10.83]经理喜欢这种生产方式,因为它效率更高,
[13:13.42]that is,it achieves more production.
[13:15.44]也就是说能生产出更多的产品来.
[13:17.47]They also like it for another reason,even if they will not admit it
[13:20.18]他们喜欢它还有另一原因,尽管他们不会承认:
[13:22.90]it makes it very difficult for the worker to do anything other than work
[13:25.56]它使工人很难做工作以外的其他事情.
[13:28.23]Frederick W.Taylor,the efficiency expert who early in this century
[13:34.79]conducted the time-and-motion studies
[13:36.91] 弗雷德里克.W.仄勒,本世纪初进行时间和运动研究的效率专家,
[13:39.04]that led to the assemblyline process,tried to reduce workers to robots
[13:42.07]他的研究导致了装配线工序.
[13:45.10]all in the name of greater production.
[13:46.98]他谋略把工人变成机器人,只是为了更大的产量.
[13:48.87]His staff of experts,each armed with clipboard and stopwatch
[13:51.65]他的专家组每人配有带球撞人弹簧夹子的收发室板和秒表,
[13:54.43]studied individual workers with a view to ward eliminating unnecessary movement.
[13:57.66]研究一个个的工人,使他们不能偷懒.
[14:00.88]They soon found a great deal of opposition from the workers.
[14:03.31]他们很快发现工人们特别反对.
[14:05.74]Most people not directly engaged in daily work
[14:10.42]express disapproval when they hear of people working on and off.
[14:12.99] 大多数不直接从事日常工作的人听到人们"干干停停"地工作时,会表示不赞同.
[14:15.56]A studied campaign with carefully chosen language
[14:20.21]a full day's work for a full day's pay,"
[14:22.29]一些词语推选了一场预告计划的运动,
[14:24.37]"taking a free ride"--has been pushed by certain employers to discredit the practice,
[14:31.21]and their success is such that I rarely discuss it except with other workers
[14:34.19]除了同其他工人,我很少谈起他们的成功.
[14:37.17]My response is personal,and I feel no need to defend it:
[14:39.80]我的回答是个人观点,我感到没必要为之辩护:
[14:42.44]If I am getting a free ride,
[14:44.27]如果我只拿钱不干活儿,
[14:46.10]how come I am so tired when I go home at the end of a shift?
[14:48.67]我下班回家后怎么会那么累呢?
